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Radiography Lecture > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Year x-rays were discovered?

A

1895

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2
Q

Form of energy carried by waves?

A

radiation

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3
Q

High-energy radiation produced by collision of electrons on metal target?

A

X-radiation

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4
Q

Beam of energy with penetrating power and records image?

A

X-ray

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5
Q

The science or study of radiation in medicine?

A

radiology

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6
Q

The science and art of making radiographs?

A

Radiography

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7
Q

Positively charged with protons and electrons

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Negatively charged

A

Electrons

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9
Q

amount of energy needed to dislodge electron from its orbit

A

Binding energy

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10
Q

What are the letters of the 7 shells?

A

K-Q

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11
Q

What shell has the strongest binding energy?

A

K

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12
Q

Creation of ions from atoms

A

Ionization

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13
Q

Atom that gains or loses an electron

A

Ion

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14
Q

Electron that is removed from atoms

A

Ion pair

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15
Q

Continues to emit energy or electrons to become stable

A

Radioactivity

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16
Q

Stops transmitting after running cycle

A

Radiation

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17
Q

Capable of producing ions

A

Ionizing radiation

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18
Q

Not capable of producing ions

A

Non-ionizing radiation

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19
Q

grounds high voltage components, protects everything inside

A

Metal housing

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20
Q

Absorbs heat

A

Insulating oil

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21
Q

prevents leakage of insulating oil, filters x-ray beam

A

Tube head seal

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22
Q

Creates x-rays

A

X-ray tube

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23
Q

Alters voltage of incoming electricity

A

Transformer

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24
Q

.5 mm increments, filter our long wavelengths and non-penetrating x-rays, protection

A

Aluminum disks

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25
Q

Restricts size of x-ray beam

A

Lead collimator

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26
Q

Aim and shape x-ray beam

A

PID

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27
Q

prevent x-rays from going in different directions

A

Leaded glass housing

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28
Q

negative electrode, supply necessary electrons to generate x-rays

A

Cathode

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29
Q

Heated by step down transformer

A

Tungsten filament

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30
Q

directs filaments into narrow beam across from cathode

A

Molybdenum cup

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31
Q

Dissipates heat

A

Copper stem

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32
Q

only opening x-ray can exit from

A

Unleaded glass window

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33
Q

the release of electrons from the tungsten filament as its heated

A

Thermionic emission

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34
Q

produced as bombarding electron traveling from cathode to anode it’s approaching the nucleus and suddenly stops to change direction
-Does NOT produce ions

A

General radiation

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35
Q

X-ray emission that occurs when an electron is knocked out of an atom’s electron shell and another electron fills the vacancy
-Produces ions

A

Characteristic radiation

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36
Q

penetrating x-ray beam, before it reacts with matter

A

Primary radiation

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37
Q

Less penetrating than primary radiation

A

Secondary radiation

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38
Q

when x-ray beams deflect in different directions after reacting with matter

A

Scatter radiation

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39
Q

x-ray photon dislodges inner shell electron from atom

A

Absorption

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40
Q

x-ray photon is dislodging an outer shell electron

A

Compton scatter (modified)

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41
Q

x-ray photon interacts with some electron but does not dislodge it, atom does not change

A

Coherent scatter (unmodified)

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42
Q

dislodge electron and has positive ion remaining

A

Ionization injury

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43
Q

uncharged neutral atom that has a single unpaired electron in its outer most shell

A

Free radical formation injury

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44
Q

result of ionizing radiation hitting critical area of cell

A

Direct theory injury

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45
Q

result of ionizing radiation creating free radical formation or toxins in the cell

A

Indirect theory injury

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46
Q

get an effect or don’t, all or nothing, not determined by dose (ex. Cancer)

A

Stochastic injury

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47
Q

effect dependent on dose (ex. Hair loss, erythema)

A

Non stochastic/deterministic injury

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48
Q

affect person irradiated

A

Somatic effects

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49
Q

Affect individuals offspring

A

Genetic effects

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50
Q

seen within minutes, hours, days
-Long amount of radiation over short period of time

A

Short term effects

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51
Q

seen over years, decades
-Short amount of radiation over long period of time

A

Long term effects

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52
Q

Who is more radiosensitive?

A

Child

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53
Q

Who is more radioresistant?

54
Q

Has mass, travel in straight lines, may be charged
- Ex. electrons, protons, neutrons, Beta/gamma particles

A

Particulate radiation

55
Q

Wave-like
no mass
particle concept
wave concept

A

Electromagnetic radiation

56
Q

What is in wave concept?

A

velocity
wavelength
frequency

57
Q

What are the critical organs?

A

Bone marrow
skin
lens of eye
thyroid gland

58
Q

small lymphocytes
bone marrow
reproductive cells
intestinal mucosa
skin
lens of eye
oral mucosa

A

radiosensitive cells

59
Q

muscle
nerves
mature bone/cartilage
salivary gland
thyroid gland
kidney
liver

A

radioresistant cells

60
Q

What are cells with high metabolism?

A

radiosensitive

61
Q

amount of radiation in air
-coulombs, kilograms

62
Q

amount of radiation that tissue receives
o Rad, Gray (Gy)

63
Q

measurement of effect on tissue exposed
o Rem, Sievert (Sv)

A

Dose equivalent

64
Q

filtration built into tube head

A

Inherent filtration

65
Q

filtration we add ourselves

A

added filtration

66
Q

Greater than or equal to 70 kVp =

67
Q

maximum amount radiation of an occupational exposed personnel MPD

A

Maximum permissible dose

68
Q

maximum amount over lifetime MAD

A

Maximum accumulated dose

69
Q

How much radiation can the radiographer be exposed to each year?

70
Q

How much radiation can a pregnant person be exposed to?

A

.5 per month of pregnancy

71
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

72
Q

Film components: seals everything, waterproof

A

Outer package wrapping

73
Q

Film components: prevents light exposure

A

Protective black wrapper

74
Q

Film components: Prevent back scatter

A

Lead foil sheet

75
Q

What are the layers of x-ray film?

A

Base
adhesive layer
emulsion
protective layer

76
Q

What is emulsion made of?

A

Gelatin
Silver halide crystals

77
Q

What are the silver halide crystals?

A

Silver bromide
Silver iodine

78
Q

Invisible until undergoes processing

A

latent image

79
Q

What are the steps of manual film processing?

A

Development
rinsing
fixing
washing
drying

80
Q

What are the reducing agents in film developer?

A

Hydroquinone
Elon

81
Q

What is the preservative in film developer?

A

Sodium sulfate

82
Q

What is the accelerator in film developer?

A

Sodium carbonate

83
Q

What is the restrainer in the film developer?

A

Potassium bromide

84
Q

What are the fixing agents in the film fixer?

A

sodium thiosulfate
ammonium thiosulfate

85
Q

What is the preservative in the film fixer?

A

sodium sulfate

86
Q

What is the hardening agent in the film fixer?

A

potassium alum

87
Q

What are the acidifiers in the film fixer?

A

Acetic acid
sulfuric acid

88
Q

What is the blue light agent for intensifying screens?

A

calcium tungstate

89
Q

What is the green light agent in intensifying screens?

A

rare earth

90
Q

What is needed for direct digital imaging?

A

sensor
intraoral x-ray unit
computer

91
Q

What are the advantages of direct digital imaging?

A

instant result, quality, time efficient, less exposure, less waste

92
Q

What are the disadvantages of direct digital imaging?

A

initial cost, wire, not autoclavable

93
Q

What is needed for indirect digital imaging?

A

PSP plates
intraoral x-ray unit
scanner
computer

94
Q

What is x-ray quality controlled by?

95
Q

What is x-ray quantity controlled by?

A

mA
Exposure time

96
Q

What is x-ray intensity controlled by?

A

kVp
mA
Exposure time
Distance

97
Q

What are x-ray diagnostic images based off of?

A

patient size

98
Q

What type of x-ray identifies caries?

A

High contrast
low kVp

99
Q

What type of x-ray identifies periodontal disease/lesions?

A

Low contrast
High kVp

100
Q

Blurriness of an x-ray

101
Q

What is sharpness characterized by?

A

focal spot size
film composition
movement

102
Q

what is magnification characterized by?

A

object-receptor distance
target-receptor distance

103
Q

what is distortion characterized by?

A

object-receptor alignment
X-ray beam angulation

104
Q

1 Gy =

105
Q

1 Sv =

106
Q

What are the traditional units of measurement?

A

Roentgen
Rad
Rem

107
Q

Establishes acceptable levels of radiation exposure, response, and dose?

A

Dose response curve

108
Q

attraction between the positive nucleus and negative electrons

A

Electrostatic force

109
Q

Convert electrons into x-rays

110
Q

Device used to demonstrate short-scale contrast and long-scale contrast

111
Q

Class I
< Halfway through enamel (beginning)
-Only in enamel

A

Incipient interproximal caries

112
Q

Class II
> Halfway through enamel
-Only in enamel

A

Moderate interproximal caries

113
Q

Class III
< Halfway to pulp
-Both dentin and enamel effected

A

Advanced interproximal caries

114
Q

Class IV
> Halfway to pulp
-Both dentin and enamel effected

A

Severe interproximal caries

115
Q

-Extends into dentin
-Little change seen in enamel on radiograph

A

Moderate occlusal caries

116
Q

Large radiolucency

A

Severe occlusal caries

117
Q

-Difficult to see on radiographs
-More easily seen clinically

A

Buccal & lingual caries

118
Q

Advanced, severe caries on multiple teeth

A

Rampant caries

119
Q

Lesion between adjacent roots

A

Inter-radicular

120
Q

Lesion in space where no tooth is present

A

Edentulous zone

121
Q

Lesion around the crown of the tooth

A

Pericoronal

122
Q

multiple compartments, soap bubbles

A

Multiocular lesions

123
Q

one compartment, small

A

Uniocular lesion

124
Q

 One spot, white
 Dense RO, well defined

A

Focal opacity lesion

125
Q

 Well defined
 Localized
 RO halo/shallow around lesion

A

Target lesion

126
Q

 Multiple overlapping patterns of RO

A

Multifocal confluent lesion

127
Q

 Poorly defined
 Hard to identify

A

Irregular lesion

128
Q

 Peddled
 Tiny, RO
 Orange peel

A

Ground glass lesion

129
Q

 RL lesion with RO flecks in it

A

Mixed lucent-opaque lesion

130
Q

 Well defined
 Localized
 Where soft tissue should be

A

Soft tissue opacity lesion

131
Q

Calcification of pulp chamber and canals

A

Pulpal sclerosis

132
Q

Mass of inflamed granulation tissue at apex, nonvital

A

Periapical ganuloma

Radiography Lecture (6 decks)

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