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Radiography Lecture > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of radiation?

A

o X-ray beam quality
o X-ray quantity
o X-ray bream intensity

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2
Q

What exposure factors are controlled on older panels?

A
  • kVp control settings
  • mA control settings
  • Time setting
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3
Q

What determines the energy penetrating power of radiation?

A

Wavelength

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4
Q

What wavelength equals more penetrating power?

A

Short

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5
Q

What wavelength equals less penetrating power?

A

Longer

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6
Q

mean energy of the x-ray beam (wavelength + energy)

A

Quality

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7
Q

What is the quality of x-rays controlled by?

A

Kilovoltage

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8
Q

What type of quality beam is the outcome of increased kV and faster electrons?

A

High quality beam

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9
Q

How much kV does current dental radiography use?

A

65-100 kV

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10
Q

Increase kV + density increases = what image?

A

Darker image

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11
Q

Decrease kV+ density increases = what image?

A

Lighter image

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12
Q

Higher kV = what contrast?

A

Low contrast

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13
Q

Lower kV = what contrast?

A

High contrast

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14
Q

Low contrast =

A

shades of gray

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15
Q

High contrast =

A

black and white

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16
Q

Greater than or equal to 90 = what kVp?

A

High kVp

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17
Q

65-70 = what kVp?

A

Low kVp

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18
Q

What is the only thing that adjusts contrast?

A

kVp

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19
Q

What scale of contrast = 2 densities?

A

Short scale

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20
Q

What scale of contrast = lots of density?

A

Long scale

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21
Q

Device used to demonstrate short-scale contrast and long-scale contrast

A

Stepwedge

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22
Q

What is stepwedge used for?

A

Quality control
Machine calibration

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23
Q

What contrast is good for detecting periodontal disease and periapical lesions?

A

Low contrast

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24
Q

What contrast is good for detection of caries?

A

High contrast

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25
Q

time x-rays are being produced

A

Exposure time

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26
Q

Longer exposure time = more x-rays = what image?

A

Darker image

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27
Q

Shorter exposure time = less x-rays = what image?

A

Lighter image

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28
Q

What are older machines measured in?

A

Impulses

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29
Q

What are new machines measured in?

A

Hundredths/seconds

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30
Q

What is x-ray beam quantity controlled by?

A

Milliamperage

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31
Q

What dictates number of electrons passing through cathode filament?

A

Amperage

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32
Q

What mA = increase in number of electrons from cathode to anode?

A

Increased mA

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33
Q

kVp =

A

quality

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34
Q

mA =

A

Quantity

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35
Q

What regulates temperature of cathode filament?

A

Milliamperage

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36
Q

What mA = increased temperature (more electrons)?

A

Higher mA

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37
Q

What mA = decreased temperature?

A

Lower mA

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38
Q

Increased number of electrons =

A

More x-rays

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39
Q

Increase mA + increased density = what image?

A

Darker image

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40
Q

Decreased mA + decreased density =

A

Lighter image

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41
Q

What is adjustable?

A

Exposure time

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42
Q

What do we base exposure time off of?

A

Patient size

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43
Q

product of quantity and quality per unit of area per unit of time to exposure

A

Intensity

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44
Q

What is intensity affected by?

A

 kV
 mA
 exposure time
 distance

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45
Q

What regulates penetrating power by controlling speed of electrons?

A

kV

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46
Q

What kV = more energy and shorter wavelength?

A

Higher kV

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47
Q

What kV = increased intensity?

A

Increased kV

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48
Q

What regulates penetrating power by controlling number of electrons and x-rays produced?

A

mA

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49
Q

What mA = more energy?

A

Higher mA

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50
Q

What mA = increased intensity?

A

Increased mA

51
Q

target to patient’s skin

A

Target-surface distance

52
Q

Explains how distance affects the intensity of the x-ray beam

A

inverse square law

53
Q

If distance is doubled, beam is ___ less intense

A

1/4

54
Q

If distance is tripled, beam is ___ less intense

A

1/9

55
Q

Amount of material we need to reduce x-ray beam intensity by half

A

Half-value layer (HVL)

56
Q

What material do we need for HVL?

A

Aluminum filters

57
Q

What does HVL measurement depend on?

A

The penetrating quality beam

58
Q

What HVL = more penetrating beam?

A

Higher HVL

59
Q

What are the geometric characteristics?

A

o Sharpness
o Magnification
o Distortion

60
Q

Capability of the receptor to be able to reproduce the distinct outlines of an image

A

Sharpness

61
Q

lack of sharpness, blurring of an edge

A

Penumbra

62
Q

What is sharpness influenced by?

A

 Focal spot size
 Film composition
 Movement

63
Q

o Tungsten target of anode
o Determined by the manufacturer of x-ray equipment

A

Focal spot size

64
Q

What focal spot = sharper image?

A

Smaller focal spot

65
Q

What film = larger crystals = less sharpness?

A

Faster film

66
Q

What film = smaller crystals = more sharpness?

A

Slower film

67
Q

What crystals produce sharper lines?

A

Smaller crystals

68
Q

What results in loss of sharpness?

A

 Tube head movement
 Receptor movement
 Patient movement

69
Q

What = non-diagnostic image?

A

Movement

70
Q

Image that appears larger than actual size

A

Magnification

71
Q

What is magnification influenced by?

A

 Object-receptor distance
 Target-receptor distance

72
Q

What results from distortion?

A

Foreshortening
Elongation

73
Q

What influences distortion?

A

Objected-receptor alignment

74
Q

Why would we use bisecting technique over paralleling?

A

shallow pallet
hard time biting
rubber dam

75
Q

formed by two lines diverging from a point

A

angle

76
Q

imaginary line that splits angle into two equal halves

A

bisector

77
Q

shape that is formed when three points are connected by three straight lines, makes three different angles

A

triangle

78
Q

triangle with all even sides, angles all the same

A

Equilateral triangle

79
Q

equal triangles

A

Congruent triangles

80
Q

side of triangle that sits opposite of 90-degree right angle

A

Hypotenuse

81
Q

Two triangles are equal if the triangles have two equal angles and share a common side

A

Rule of isometry

82
Q

What is the central ray perpendicular to in bisecting technique?

A

Imaginary bisector

83
Q

what is a result of Vertical angulation being too high?

A

Foreshortening

84
Q

What is a result of Vertical angulation being too low?

A

Elongation

85
Q

What are the bisecting technique devices?

A

Rinn BAI System
Stabe
Snap-A-Ray

86
Q

What is the result of incorrect horizontal angulation?

A

overlap

87
Q

What results in positive vertical angulation?

A

Angling PID down

88
Q

What results in negative vertical angulation?

A

Angling PID up

89
Q

What type of angling degree do we use when exposing bitewings?

A

Positive 10-degrees

90
Q

What artifacts need removed for x-rays?

A

Jewelry
Glasses
Dentures

91
Q

How do we prep our equipment?

A

o Set out holding device
o Control settings

92
Q

What is the receptor position for bisecting technique?

A

1/8th inch beyond incisal or occlusal, apical end against palate

93
Q

What are the 5 bisecting technique rules?

A
  1. receptor placement
  2. receptor position
  3. vertical angulation
  4. horizontal angulation
  5. receptor exposure
94
Q

What needs to be parallel to the floor for the maxillary arch?

A

ala tragus

95
Q

What needs to be parallel to the floor for the mandibular arch?

A

Occlusal plane

96
Q

What is the point of entry clue for Maxillary centrals?

A

midline + ala tragus

97
Q

What is the point of entry clue for maxillary canines?

A

canine fossa + ala tragus

98
Q

What is the point of entry clue for maxillary premolars?

A

inner canthus of eye + ala tragus

99
Q

What is the point of entry clue for mandibular centrals?

A

midline + symphysis of chin

100
Q

What is the point of entry clue for mandibular canines?

A

midline + symphysis of chin

101
Q

What is the point of entry clue for mandibular premolars?

A

inner canthus of eye + symphysis of chin

102
Q

What is the point of entry clue for mandibular molars?

A

outer canthus of eye + symphysis of chin

103
Q

What is the point of entry clue for bitewings?

A

premolars/molars + occlusal plane

104
Q

What are advantages of bisecting technique?

A

o No beam alignment device
o Decreased exposure time

105
Q

What are disadvantages of bisecting technique?

A

o Dimensional distortion
o Angulation problems

106
Q

What error occurs?
- Appear blank/white, no anatomy
- Appears clear

A

Unexposed receptor

107
Q

What error occurs?
- Film appears black

A

Film exposed to white light

108
Q

What error occurs?
- Appears dark or high in density

A

Overexposed

109
Q

What error occurs?
- Appears light or low in density

A

Underexposed

110
Q

What error occurs?
- No apices seen on receptor
- Excessive radiolucent area

A

Root apex missing

111
Q

What error occurs?
- Occlusal plane tipped/tilted

A

Dropped corner/downhill composition

112
Q

What error occurs?
- Contact of one area superimposed over contact of adjacent tooth

A

Overlap

113
Q

What error occurs?
- Partial image loss
- Clear or white unexposed area

A

Cone cut

114
Q

What error occurs?
- Blunted roots

A

Foreshortening

115
Q

What error occurs?
- Long, stretched out structures

A

Elongation

116
Q

What error occurs?
- Not enough max. or mand. Anatomy
- No crestal bone visible in image

A

Vertical placement

117
Q

What error occurs?
- Appropriate anatomy not seen or centered in image

A

Horizontal placement

118
Q

What error occurs?
- Bent = distorted image (stretched)

A

Bending/creasing of film

119
Q

What error occurs?
- Radiolucent or radiopaque artifacts, scratches

A

Debris

120
Q

What error occurs?
- Finger present in image

A

Phalangioma

121
Q

What error occurs?
- Film or indirect digital imaging

A

Double exposure

122
Q

What error occurs?
- Blurry image

A

Movement

123
Q

What error occurs?
- Film: herringbone pattern
- Digital sensors: blank or white

A

Receptor backwards/reversed

124
Q

What error occurs?
- Radiopaque outline of cord

A

Wire/cord

Radiography Lecture (5 decks)

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