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Radiography Lecture > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of x-ray film?

A

Intraoral
Extraoral
Duplicate film

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2
Q

What is a recording medium?

A

Film

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3
Q

What are the components of the intraoral film packaging?

A
  • Outer package wrapping
  • Paper film wrapper
  • Lead foil sheet
  • X-ray film
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4
Q

What are the two sides of the outer package wrapping of the intraoral film?

A

Tube side
Label side

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5
Q

What side of the intraoral film must face teeth?

A

Tube side (white side)

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6
Q

What side of the intraoral film must face the tongue?

A

Label side

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7
Q

What is a soft vinyl or paper wrapper that seals intraoral film packet?

A

Outer package wrapping

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8
Q

What is the protective sheet that covers film and shields light of intraoral film?

A

Paper film wrapper

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9
Q

Single sheet placed behind film wrapped in protective paper for the intraoral film

A

Lead foil sheet

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10
Q

What shields intraoral film from backscatter radiation?

A

Lead foil sheet

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11
Q

What are the components of the X-ray film?

A

Double-emulsion
One or two film packet
Identification dot

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12
Q

What are the components of film composition?

A
  • Film base
  • Adhesive order
  • Film emulsion
  • Protective layer
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13
Q

What consists of gelatin and silver halide crystals?

A

Film emulsion

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14
Q

What gives sensitivity to x-radiation?

A

Film emulsion

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15
Q

Flexible polyester plastic (0.2mm thick) with a slight blue tint

A

Film base

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16
Q
  • Chemical sensitive to radiation and light
  • Absorb radiation during exposure
A

Halide crystals

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17
Q

What are the two types of halide crystals?

A

Silver bromide
Silver Iodine

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18
Q
  • Suspends and disperses microscopic silver halide crystals
  • Absorbs solution and allows chemicals to react with silver halide crystals
A

Gelatin

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19
Q

Energy is stored in silver halide crystals when film exposed to radiation

A

Latent image

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20
Q

Almost no radiation received

A

Behind amalgam

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21
Q

Most radiation received

A

Behind airspace

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22
Q

How many watts does a safelight have to be in a darkroom?

A

15 watts or less

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23
Q

What are the steps of manual film processing?

A
  1. development
  2. rinsing
  3. fixing
  4. washing
  5. drying
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24
Q

What step is removed from automatic film processing?

A

First rinse step

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25
Q

What are the ingredients in developer solution?

A
  • Developing agent
  • Preservative
  • Accelerator
  • Restrainer
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26
Q

What are the two developing agents?

A

Hydroquinone
Elon

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27
Q

What is the preservative in developer solution? Function?

A

Sodium sulfite
- prevents oxidation

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28
Q

What is the accelerator in developer solution? Function?

A

Sodium carbonate
- Activates developing agent

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29
Q

What is the restrainer in developer solution? Function?

A

Potassium bromide
- Prevents development of unexposed halide crystals

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30
Q

What are the fixer solution ingredients?

A
  • Fixing agent
  • Preservative
  • Hardening agent
  • Acidifier
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31
Q

What is the fixing agent in fixing solution? Function?

A

Sodium thiosulfate OR Ammonium Thiosulfate
- Removes unexposed or undeveloped silver halide crystals from emulsion

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32
Q

What is the preservative in fixer solution? Function?

A

Sodium sulfite
- Prevents deterioration of fixing agent

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33
Q

What is the hardening agent of fixer solution? Function?

A

Potassium alum
- Shrinks and hardens emulsion

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34
Q

What is the acidifier in fixer solution? Function?

A

Acetic acid or sulfuric acid
- Neutralizes pH of alkaline developer

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35
Q

What are the only speeds used in intraoral radiography?

A

D and F

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36
Q

Shows bony and soft tissue areas of facial profile

A

Cephalometric film

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37
Q

What is the majority of extraoral films?

A

Screen film

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38
Q

What is not recommended for use in dental radiography?

A

Nonscreen film

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39
Q

What is the extraoral film equipment?

A
  • Intensifying screens
  • Cassette
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40
Q

What transfers x-ray energy into invisible light to expose screen film for extraoral film?

A

Intensifying screens

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41
Q

What is used for patient referrals, insurance claims, teaching aids, etc?

A

Duplicating film

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42
Q

How is film stored?

A
  • Cool and dry
  • Temps between 50 and 70 F
  • Away from radiation
  • First in, first out
43
Q

Radiographic image produced by film

A

Analog image

44
Q

Filmless imaging system

A

Digital imaging

45
Q

Image composed of pixels and stored on computer

A

Digital image

46
Q

Picture element, unit of measure for contained digital information, digital equivalent to silver halide crystal in film

A

Pixel

47
Q

Receptor used to capture intraoral/extraoral image

A

Sensor

48
Q

What protects the sensor?

A

Front casing

49
Q

What converts x-ray beam to visible light in the sensor?

A

Scintillator screen

50
Q

What transmits light to sensor?

A

Fiber optic face plate

51
Q

What captures light and charges pixel?

A

CMOS imaging chip

52
Q

What reads charged pixels and transmits to computer in the sensor?

A

Sensor electronics

53
Q

What protects and prevents backscatter for the sensor?

A

Back casing

54
Q

What are the 3 types of digital sensors?

A
  • Charged-couple device
  • Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
  • complementary metal oxide semiconductor-active pixel sensor
55
Q

What digital sensor has a silicon chip and electrical circuit?

A

Charged-couple device

56
Q

What digital sensor has smaller pixel size and lower power requirements?

A

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

57
Q

What digital sensor improves signal output and has a computer connection via USB?

A

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor-active pixel sensor

58
Q

What is the difference between CCD and CMOS?

A

The way pixels are read

59
Q

How big is a pixel?

A

2mm

60
Q

Obtaining digital images by exposing an intraoral sensor to x-radiation

A

Direct imaging

61
Q

Obtaining digital images by scanning a sensor after exposure to x-radiation and converting that data into digital form

A

Indirect imaging

62
Q

What do you need for direct digital imaging?

A

-Intaoral x-ray unit
-Sensor
-Computer with imaging software

63
Q

What do you need for indirect digital imaging?

A
  • Intraoral x-ray unit
  • PSP plate
  • Scanner
  • Computer with imaging software
64
Q

Many images collected to give one view

A

Panoramic imaging

65
Q

What can be seen on a panoramic image?

A

Maxilla
Mandible
Oral and facial structures

66
Q

What are the uses for a panoramic image?

A

o Evaluate
dentition/impacted teeth
o Evaluating development
o Disease detection
o Evaluate trauma

67
Q

Why would we NOT use a panoramic image?

A

Diagnosing the following:
- Decay/caries
- Periodontal disease
- Periapical lesions

68
Q

Why would we use extraoral bitewing imaging?

A

 Discomfort/difficulty with intraoral exposures
 Children, patients with special needs
 Gag reflex
 Large tori
 Small mouth

69
Q

Allows us to photograph one section of the body while burying others

A

Tomography

70
Q

Pivot point/axis around which a receptor and x-ray tube head rotate

A

Rotation center

71
Q

3-D curved zone in which structures are clearly demonstrated

A

Focal trough

72
Q

o Structures lie between the receptor and moving rotation center
o Appears in correct anatomic location with varying degrees of sharpness and distortion

A

Real image

73
Q

o Anatomic structure is located behind moving rotation center
o Penetrated twice by x-ray bean
o Same proportions as real image
o Located in same location on opposite side of receptor – mirror image

A

Double image

74
Q

What are structures at the midline?

A

 Epiglottis
 Hyoid bone
 Cervical spine

75
Q

o Anatomic structure located outside focal plane and close to x-ray source
o Resembles true image
o Found on opposite side of receptor

A

Ghost image

76
Q

What structures are located laterally or centrally?

A

 Ramus
 Jewelry
 Hard palate

77
Q

What does PAN equipment consist of?

A

Tubehead
Head positioner
Exposure control
Collimator

78
Q

What does film PAN equipment consist of?

A
  • CCD, CMOS, PSP plate, or film
  • Screen film
  • Intensifying screens
  • Cassette
79
Q

What steps are taken to prep the patient for a PAN image?

A

o Remove all artifacts
o Lead apron
o Patient bites on groove, standing tall
o Midsagittal plane
o Frankfort plane
o Tongue to roof of mouth, lips together
o Stand still

80
Q

bottom of eye, top of ear canal

A

Frankfort plane

81
Q

What needs to be parallel to the floor for a PAN image?

A

Frankfort plane

82
Q

How do you know if adequate contrast is seen on a PAN image?

A

DEJ seen

83
Q

What are some common PAN imaging patient errors?

A

-Artifacts
-Thyroid collar
-Chin too high/low
-Twisted/turned neck
-Too far forward/back
-Slumping
-Tongue/lip placement

84
Q

What are some PAN film errors?

A

-No bite block
-Damaged screen/patient tilted
-Light leak
-Fog
-Improper loading
-Static electricity
-Movement

85
Q

What are the advantages of PAN imaging?

A

o Field size
o Simplicity
o Patient cooperation
o Minimal exposure

86
Q

What are the disadvantages of PAN imaging?

A

o Image quality
o Focal trough limitations
o Distortion
o Equipment cost

87
Q

What does extraoral imaging evaluate?

A

 Larger areas on skull/jaw
 Development
 Impacted teeth
 Disease
 Trauma
 TMJ

88
Q

What is the receptor holder and head positioner for extraoral imaging?

A

Cephalostat (craniostat)

89
Q

What does lateral jaw imaging examine?

A

posterior region of mandible

90
Q

What can be seen in the body of the mandible for lateral jaw imaging?

A

 Impacted teeth
 Fractures
 Lesions

91
Q

What can be seen in the ramus of the mandible for lateral jaw imaging?

A

 Third molars
 Larger lesions
 Fractures

92
Q

What does lateral cephalometric projection evaluate?

A
  • Facial growth and development
  • Trauma, disease, abnormalities
93
Q

What does Posteroanterior projection evaluate?

A
  • Facial growth and development
  • Trauma, disease, abnormalities
94
Q

What does Submentovertex projection evaluate?

A
  • Position of condyles
  • Base of skull
  • Zygomatic arch fractures
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Sinuses
  • Lateral wall of maxillary sinus
95
Q

What does waters projection evaluate?

A

Maxillary sinus

96
Q

What does reverse town projection evaluate?

A

Fractures of condylar neck and ramus

97
Q

What does Temporomandibular joint imaging evaluate?

A
  • Temporal bone
  • Mandible
  • Glenoid fossa
  • Articular eminence
  • Condyle
  • Articular disk
98
Q
  • 3D viewing of oral-maxillofacial structures
  • Cone-shaped x-ray beam
  • Field of view
A

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)

99
Q

What are 3C pixels?

A

Voxels

100
Q

How long does it take for a CBCT machine to work?

A

7-30 seconds

101
Q

What is the number 1 use of CBCT?

A

Implant placement

102
Q

What are the advantages of CBCT?

A

o Lower radiation dose
o Brief scanning time
o Anatomically accurate images
o Save/transport images

103
Q

What are the disadvantages of CBCT?

A

o Patient movement and artifacts
o Size of FOV
o Cost of equipment
o Training
o Lack of training in interpretation

104
Q

What is expose control based on?

A

Type of x-ray
Patient size

Radiography Lecture (6 decks)

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