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General Biology 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of prokaryotes & eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes- Bacteria
Eukaryotes- Animals/Plants

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2
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

Long strands of DNA

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3
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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4
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Genetically identical cells and are all cells except for sex cells

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5
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

Proteins

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6
Q

What is RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme in RNA that unwinds DNA helix during transcription

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7
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA to mRNA

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8
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA to amino acids

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9
Q

What are the 4 bases that make up a DNA nucleotide?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

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10
Q

How do the bases of a DNA nucleotide pair?

A

Adenine –> Thymine
Guanine –> Cytosine

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11
Q

What bond holds the bases of a DNA nucleotide?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What are the 4 bases that make up an RNA nucleotide?

A

Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine

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13
Q

How do the bases in an RNA nucleotide pair?

A

Adenine –> Uracil
Guanine –> Cytosine

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14
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in the cell & what do they produce?

A

The nucleus & more DNA is produced

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15
Q

Where does Transcription occur in the cell & what do they produce?

A

The nucleus & mRNA is made

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16
Q

Where does Translation occur in the cell & what do they produce?

A

The ribosomes, amino acids are made.

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17
Q

What is the role of Helicase?

A

Separate double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing for each strand to be copied, and unwind DNA at positions called origins where synthesis will be initiated during replication. During DNA replication process.

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18
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

A

Base pairing and joining during DNA replication.

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19
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

A

Unwinds DNA helix during the process of transcription.

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20
Q

What does the start codon indicate?

A

The initiation of translation and the start of a protein chain

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21
Q

What does a stop codon indicate?

A

The termination of the translation process of the current protein.

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22
Q

What are genetic mutations?

A

Permanent change in the base of a gene

23
Q

What can mutations be?

A
  1. Spontaneous
  2. Caused by a mutagen
  3. Germ line in sex cells
24
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

Outside factors that can cause a mutation

25
Q

What is a germ line?

A

Inherited mutations in genes.

26
Q

What are types of genetic mutations?

A
  1. Nonsense
  2. Silent
  3. Missense
  4. Frameshift
  5. Chromosomal
27
Q

What occurs in a chromosomal mutation?

A
  1. Deletion
  2. Duplication
  3. Inversion
  4. Translocation
28
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

You cannot see the mutation

29
Q

What is nonsense mutation?

A

Base change converts the codon to a stop codon instead of one for an amino acid

30
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Single base change causes wrong protein to be made

31
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides

32
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three-letter unit of bases

33
Q

What is the process of polypeptide/protein synthesis?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
34
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding portions that don’t make proteins

35
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding portions that make proteins

36
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels

37
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Cancer cells initiate new tumors far from the primary tumor

38
Q

What are the two genes that control cell cycle?

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes
  2. Tumor Suppressor Genes
39
Q

What is the development of cancer?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Growth of cells into tumor
  3. Angiogenesis
  4. Metastasis
40
Q

What is ribonucleic acid?

A

RNA molecule made of nucleotides linked together

41
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme envolved in transcription

42
Q

What is mRNA

A

Carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene to the site of translation

43
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The entire process by which proteins are made

44
Q

What is transcription?

A

Process for transferring a gene’s instructions for making a protein to an mRNA molecule

45
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 nucleotide sequence on the mRNA that specifies an amino acid to start or stop

46
Q

What is an operator?

A

Piece of DNA that serves as an on-off switch for transcription

47
Q

What is a repressor?

A

A protein that binds to an operator and inhibits transcription

48
Q

What is translation?

A

A process that puts together amino acids that make up a protein

49
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A 3 nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to one of the codons of the genetic code

50
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes

51
Q

What is tRNA?

A

RNA molecules that temporarily carry a specific amino acids on one end

52
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

Specifies the amino acids and start and stop signals with their codon

53
Q

What is Operon?

A

Collective name for a group of genes involved in the same function, their promoter site, and their operator

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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