Final Exam Flashcards
Examples of prokaryotes & eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes- Bacteria
Eukaryotes- Animals/Plants
What is Chromatin?
Long strands of DNA
What is Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
What are somatic cells?
Genetically identical cells and are all cells except for sex cells
What does a gene code for?
Proteins
What is RNA polymerase
An enzyme in RNA that unwinds DNA helix during transcription
What is transcription?
DNA to mRNA
What is translation?
mRNA to amino acids
What are the 4 bases that make up a DNA nucleotide?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
How do the bases of a DNA nucleotide pair?
Adenine –> Thymine
Guanine –> Cytosine
What bond holds the bases of a DNA nucleotide?
Hydrogen bonds
What are the 4 bases that make up an RNA nucleotide?
Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine
How do the bases in an RNA nucleotide pair?
Adenine –> Uracil
Guanine –> Cytosine
Where does DNA replication occur in the cell & what do they produce?
The nucleus & more DNA is produced
Where does Transcription occur in the cell & what do they produce?
The nucleus & mRNA is made
Where does Translation occur in the cell & what do they produce?
The ribosomes, amino acids are made.
What is the role of Helicase?
Separate double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing for each strand to be copied, and unwind DNA at positions called origins where synthesis will be initiated during replication. During DNA replication process.
What is the role of DNA polymerase?
Base pairing and joining during DNA replication.
What is the role of RNA polymerase?
Unwinds DNA helix during the process of transcription.
What does the start codon indicate?
The initiation of translation and the start of a protein chain
What does a stop codon indicate?
The termination of the translation process of the current protein.
What are genetic mutations?
Permanent change in the base of a gene
What can mutations be?
- Spontaneous
- Caused by a mutagen
- Germ line in sex cells
What is a mutagen?
Outside factors that can cause a mutation
What is a germ line?
Inherited mutations in genes.
What are types of genetic mutations?
- Nonsense
- Silent
- Missense
- Frameshift
- Chromosomal
What occurs in a chromosomal mutation?
- Deletion
- Duplication
- Inversion
- Translocation
What is a silent mutation?
You cannot see the mutation
What is nonsense mutation?
Base change converts the codon to a stop codon instead of one for an amino acid
What is a missense mutation?
Single base change causes wrong protein to be made
What is a frameshift mutation?
Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides
What is a codon?
Three-letter unit of bases
What is the process of polypeptide/protein synthesis?
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
What are introns?
Non-coding portions that don’t make proteins
What are exons?
Coding portions that make proteins
What is angiogenesis?
Formation of new blood vessels
What is metastasis?
Cancer cells initiate new tumors far from the primary tumor
What are the two genes that control cell cycle?
- Proto-oncogenes
- Tumor Suppressor Genes
What is the development of cancer?
- Mutation
- Growth of cells into tumor
- Angiogenesis
- Metastasis
What is ribonucleic acid?
RNA molecule made of nucleotides linked together
What is RNA polymerase?
An enzyme envolved in transcription
What is mRNA
Carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene to the site of translation
What is gene expression?
The entire process by which proteins are made
What is transcription?
Process for transferring a gene’s instructions for making a protein to an mRNA molecule
What is a codon?
3 nucleotide sequence on the mRNA that specifies an amino acid to start or stop
What is an operator?
Piece of DNA that serves as an on-off switch for transcription
What is a repressor?
A protein that binds to an operator and inhibits transcription
What is translation?
A process that puts together amino acids that make up a protein
What is an anticodon?
A 3 nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to one of the codons of the genetic code
What is ribosomal RNA?
RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes
What is tRNA?
RNA molecules that temporarily carry a specific amino acids on one end
What is the genetic code?
Specifies the amino acids and start and stop signals with their codon
What is Operon?
Collective name for a group of genes involved in the same function, their promoter site, and their operator
