Exam 2 Flashcards
Chapters 4-6
What is a reactant?
Substance that is at the start of a chemical reaction.
What is glucose?
Major source of energy for cells.
What are cell membranes made of?
Phospholipids.
What is mitochondria
Uses glucose to produce ATP.
What is cytoplasm?
Gel like substance keeps all parts within the cell together.
What is a transport protein?
Protein that helps move other materials in a cell.
What is active transport?
Energy (ATP) driven process to transport molecules across cells against the concentration gradient.
What is ATP?
Energy molecule produced from the mitochondria.
What is a coenzyme?
Enzymes that work together in order to function and speed up reactions.
What is the scientific equation for cellular respiration
C6H1206 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
Which molecule is being oxidized and which molecule is being reduced?
Oxidized: C6H12O6 –> 6CO2
Reduced: 6O2 –> 6H20
Why is cellular respiration important?
Provides cells with energy that is needed for them in order to function.
What are the four steps of cellular respiration, and where do they occur?
- Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
- Pyruvate Oxidation (Mitochondrial Matrix)
- Citric Acid Cycle (Mitochondrial Matrix)
- The Electron Transport Chain (Cristae)
______ is converted into _______ in glycolysis.
Glucose & ATP
______ ATP and ______ NADH molecules are generated in glycolysis.
4 & 2
What is the purpose of the pyruvate oxidation step? What is the product?
For pyruvate molecules to produce Acetyl CoA to be able to start the citric acid cycle. Acetyl CoA then produces 2 NADH and CO2.
How many ATP are generated in ETC?
28
______ ATP, ______ FADH2, and ______ NADH molecules are generated in the citric acid cycle.
2, 2, & 6
What molecules receive the electrons at the end of the ETC, and why is this so important?
Oxygen receives the electrons at the end of ETC in order to be broken down into water.
Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be ______.
Anaerobic
How does fermentation allow glycolysis to continue?
Produces NAD+ and lactic acid which is meant to cycle back the NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue so more ATP is made
What is the total ATP payoff at the end of all 4 phases of cellular respiration?
32
How does fermentation differ between animal cells and other cells?
Animal cells: produces lactic acid
Other cells: produces alcohol
The Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells, all cells come from other cells.
Who was the first person to see cells?
Robert Hooke
Who was the first person to see LIVING cells?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Who was the first person to see cell division?
Robert Remak
What is a Tansmission Electron Microscope?
Passes electrons through the specimen and shows internal cell structure
What is a Scanning Electron Microscope?
Focuses electrons onto the specimen’s surface
What is the function of ribosomes?
Uses RNA to synthesize proteins
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Ribosomes attached and proteins transported and modified
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Synthesizes lipids
What is the function of the Transport Vesicles?
Carry lipids and proteins from ER to Golgi
What is the function of the Chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis: transform solar energy into chemical energy (glucose)
What is the function of the Lysosomes?
Contains enzymes to break down biomolecules and unneeded organelles in animal cells
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Processes and packages lipids/proteins, leaves Golgi via vesicles.
What is the function of the Central Vacuole?
Maintains turgor pressure
What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?
Protein fibers throughout cytoplasm and supports cell structure and movement within the cell
What is the function of the Centrosome?
Organelle composed of microtubules that assists with cell division
What is the function of the Cilia?
Movement within the cell
What is the function of the Microtubule?
Moves the transport cells
What is the function of the Flagellum?
Physical cell movement (only in sperm cells)
What enzyme does Antabuse inhibit?
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase
What is Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase?
A hepatic enzyme that metabolizes alcohol in the body’s main oxidative pathway. Metabolized into acetate, broken down into water and carbon dioxide.
What does the inhibition of Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase lead to?
Prevents alcohol poisoning or abuse.
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
What is the equation for glucose?
C6H12O6
What is OIL RIG?
Oxidation is losing hydrogens and reduction is gaining hydrogens
