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General Biology 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Chapters 4-6

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1
Q

What is a reactant?

A

Substance that is at the start of a chemical reaction.

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2
Q

What is glucose?

A

Major source of energy for cells.

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3
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Phospholipids.

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4
Q

What is mitochondria

A

Uses glucose to produce ATP.

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5
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Gel like substance keeps all parts within the cell together.

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6
Q

What is a transport protein?

A

Protein that helps move other materials in a cell.

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7
Q

What is active transport?

A

Energy (ATP) driven process to transport molecules across cells against the concentration gradient.

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8
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy molecule produced from the mitochondria.

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9
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Enzymes that work together in order to function and speed up reactions.

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10
Q

What is the scientific equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

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11
Q

Which molecule is being oxidized and which molecule is being reduced?

A

Oxidized: C6H12O6 –> 6CO2
Reduced: 6O2 –> 6H20

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12
Q

Why is cellular respiration important?

A

Provides cells with energy that is needed for them in order to function.

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13
Q

What are the four steps of cellular respiration, and where do they occur?

A
  1. Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation (Mitochondrial Matrix)
  3. Citric Acid Cycle (Mitochondrial Matrix)
  4. The Electron Transport Chain (Cristae)
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14
Q

______ is converted into _______ in glycolysis.

A

Glucose & ATP

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15
Q

______ ATP and ______ NADH molecules are generated in glycolysis.

A

4 & 2

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the pyruvate oxidation step? What is the product?

A

For pyruvate molecules to produce Acetyl CoA to be able to start the citric acid cycle. Acetyl CoA then produces 2 NADH and CO2.

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17
Q

How many ATP are generated in ETC?

A

28

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17
Q

______ ATP, ______ FADH2, and ______ NADH molecules are generated in the citric acid cycle.

A

2, 2, & 6

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17
Q

What molecules receive the electrons at the end of the ETC, and why is this so important?

A

Oxygen receives the electrons at the end of ETC in order to be broken down into water.

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18
Q

Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be ______.

A

Anaerobic

18
Q

How does fermentation allow glycolysis to continue?

A

Produces NAD+ and lactic acid which is meant to cycle back the NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue so more ATP is made

18
Q

What is the total ATP payoff at the end of all 4 phases of cellular respiration?

A

32

19
Q

How does fermentation differ between animal cells and other cells?

A

Animal cells: produces lactic acid
Other cells: produces alcohol

20
Q

The Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells, all cells come from other cells.

21
Q

Who was the first person to see cells?

A

Robert Hooke

22
Q

Who was the first person to see LIVING cells?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

23
Q

Who was the first person to see cell division?

A

Robert Remak

24
Q

What is a Tansmission Electron Microscope?

A

Passes electrons through the specimen and shows internal cell structure

25
Q

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope?

A

Focuses electrons onto the specimen’s surface

26
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Uses RNA to synthesize proteins

27
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Ribosomes attached and proteins transported and modified

28
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Synthesizes lipids

28
Q

What is the function of the Transport Vesicles?

A

Carry lipids and proteins from ER to Golgi

28
Q

What is the function of the Chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis: transform solar energy into chemical energy (glucose)

29
Q

What is the function of the Lysosomes?

A

Contains enzymes to break down biomolecules and unneeded organelles in animal cells

29
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Processes and packages lipids/proteins, leaves Golgi via vesicles.

30
Q

What is the function of the Central Vacuole?

A

Maintains turgor pressure

31
Q

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

A

Protein fibers throughout cytoplasm and supports cell structure and movement within the cell

32
Q

What is the function of the Centrosome?

A

Organelle composed of microtubules that assists with cell division

33
Q

What is the function of the Cilia?

A

Movement within the cell

34
Q

What is the function of the Microtubule?

A

Moves the transport cells

35
Q

What is the function of the Flagellum?

A

Physical cell movement (only in sperm cells)

36
Q

What enzyme does Antabuse inhibit?

A

Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase

37
Q

What is Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase?

A

A hepatic enzyme that metabolizes alcohol in the body’s main oxidative pathway. Metabolized into acetate, broken down into water and carbon dioxide.

38
Q

What does the inhibition of Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase lead to?

A

Prevents alcohol poisoning or abuse.

39
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

40
Q

What is the equation for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

41
Q

What is OIL RIG?

A

Oxidation is losing hydrogens and reduction is gaining hydrogens

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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