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General Biology 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Photons –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

What molecules are being oxidized & reduced?

A

Oxidized: 6H2O -> 6O2
Reduced: 6CO2 -> C6H12O6

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3
Q

From where does the energy for photosynthesis come?

A

Sun (Photons)

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4
Q

In which plant cell organelle does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

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5
Q

What are the two reactions/steps of photosynthesis? Where in the chloroplast do each occur?

A
  1. Light Reactions (Thylakoid Membrane)
  2. Calvin Cycle (Stroma)
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6
Q

What happens to water molecules in the light reactions?

A

Oxidized into O2 AND H+

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7
Q

What two products of the light reactions are used up in the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP & NADPH

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8
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide molecules in the Calvin cycle?

A

CO2 reduced to form C6H12O6

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9
Q

What are the three steps in the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. Carbon Fixation- CO2 fixed to form C3
  2. Reduction- ATP & NADPH reduce C3 to 2G3P
  3. Regeneration- 1 G3P used to turn Calvin cycle
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10
Q

How do C3 plants do photosynthesis?

A

Moderate climate, stoma always open, photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll. Trees/grass

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11
Q

How do C4 plants do photosynthesis?

A

Hot/dry climate, stoma mostly closed, 1/2 in bundle sheaths (CO2 moves into it to finish photosynthesis) & 1/2 in mesophyll (light reaction & carbon fixation). Corn/sugar

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12
Q

How do CAM plants do photosynthesis?

A

Very dry climate, stoma closed during day (CO2 used to complete photosynthesis) & open at night (carbon fixation occurs) Pineapple cacti

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13
Q

Typical early stage symptoms of cervical cancer?

A

Irregular blood spotting or light bleeding between periods, postmenopausal spotting or bleeding, bleeding after sexual intercourse, increased vaginal discharge

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14
Q

Typical Far Stage Symptoms of Cervical Cancer?

A

Persistent back/leg/pelvic pain, weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite, vaginal discomfort, foul smelling discharge, swelling of lower extremities.

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15
Q

Can cervical cancer be genetic?

A

Yes, if mother or sister has had cervical cancer it raises the chances of developing in you. If you have some genetic variants like PAX8, CLPTM1L, and the HLA region may increase the risk as well

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16
Q

Can this cancer be treated? Give an example.

A

Yes. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. For pre-cancer, cryotherapy or thermal ablation.

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17
Q

Are there possible ways to avoid this cancer?

A

Yes. Vaccination against HPV, screening and treatment of pre-cancerous lesions, diagnosis and treatment of invasive cervical cancer.

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18
Q

What organism has 46 chromosomes in each of its somatic cells?

A

Human

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19
Q

Which cells in the human contain only 23 chromosomes?

A

Gamete

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20
Q

What do you notice about the number of chromosomes in each somatic cells in comparison to the number of chromosomes in each gamete?

A

Chromosomes in gamete cells are half the number of chromosomes in somatic cells due to chromosomes forming pairs in gamete cells.

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21
Q

Number of cells at beginning of division in Mitosis?

A

1

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22
Q

Number of cells at beginning of division in Meiosis?

A

1

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23
Q

Is parent cell haploid or diploid in Mitosis?

A

Diploid

24
Q

Is parent cell haploid or diploid in Meiosis?

A

Diploid

25
Q

Number of cells at the end of cell division in Mitosis?

A

2

26
Q

Number of cells at the end of cell division in Meiosis?

A

4

27
Q

Are daughter cells haploid or diploid in Mitosis?

A

Diploid

28
Q

Are daughter cells haploid or diploid in Meiosis?

A

Haploid

29
Q

Are daughter cells identical to parent cell in Mitosis?

A

Yes

30
Q

Are daughter cells identical to parent cell in Meiosis?

A

No

31
Q

Are daughter cells identical to each other in Mitosis?

A

Yes

32
Q

Are daughter cells identical to each other in Meiosis?

A

No

33
Q

In humans, # of chromosomes at beginning of division in Mitosis?

A

46

34
Q

In humans, # of chromosomes at beginning of division in Meiosis?

A

46

35
Q

In humans, # of chromosomes at end of division in Mitosis?

A

46

36
Q

In humans, # of chromosomes at end of division in Meiosis?

A

23

37
Q

How many divisions occur in Mitosis?

A

1

38
Q

How many divisions occur in Meiosis?

A

2

39
Q

In what type of cells does the division occur in Mitosis?

A

Somatic

40
Q

In what type of cells does the division occur in Meiosis?

A

Gamete

41
Q

What is the purpose of this type of division in Mitosis?

A

Cell growth & Repair

42
Q

What is the purpose of this type of division in Meiosis?

A

Genetic Variation

43
Q

Who was known as the father of modern genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

44
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

Experimented with pea plants to test how traits are passed

45
Q

Who is Henrietta Lacks?

A

The first immortalized human cell line (HeLa cells)

46
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

Describes how gametes pass on traits

47
Q

What are the states of Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A
  1. Each individual has two alleles for each trait
  2. The alleles segregate during the formation of gametes
  3. Fertilization gives each new individual two alleles for each trait
48
Q

What are the phases of Interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S phase
  3. G2
49
Q

What does G1 phase do?

A

Cell growth & organelle synthesis

50
Q

What does S phase do?

A

DNA replication, centrosome & chromosome duplicate, cell growth does not change

51
Q

What does G2 do?

A

Additional cell growth & organelle synthesis ready to split

52
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope fades, centrosomes moves to opposite side of the cell

53
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

Nuclear envelope begins to form, forms a peanut like shape to demonstrate cell division about to occur

54
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Microtubules pull sister chromatid apart

55
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

Nuclear membrane gone, sister chromatid line up in middle of cell, microtubules emerge from centrosomes and attach to sister chromatid

56
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis?

A

Division of a cell into two cells, animal cells it causes a cleavage furrow, plant cells is causes a cell plate

57
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Each pair of alleles separate randomly. All possible combinations of alleles can occur in the gametes.

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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