Final Exam Flashcards
What’s atomic radius?
distance from the nucleus to the valence shell of a neutral atom
~measured in picometers (pm)
what is effective nuclear charge?
what happens when it goes across a period, and down a group?
how much the electrons are attracted to the nucleus of an atom.
–> it increases across a period, decreases down a group.
what is an isotope?
atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
what are the families on the periodic table
group 1 - alkali metals
group 2 - alkaline earth metals
Groups 3-12 - transition metals
group 17 - halogens
group 18 - noble gases
What’s the family of 4 for polyatomic ions?
CIO4 - = perchlorate
CIO3 - = chlorate
CIO2 - = chlorite
CIO - = hypochlorite
~ look at notebook for more details and practice
how are elements in the same family similar
they have the same number of valence electrons
What’s the Gay - Lussac’s Gas Law?
as pressure increases, temperature increases
as pressure decreases, temperature decreases
P1/T1 = P2/T2
As you move left to right on the periodic table, what happens?
- atomic radius decreases
- ionization energy increases
- electronegativity increases
What is the ideal gas law? What is the R value?
PV = nRT
R is the universal gas constant (8.314 KPaL mol^-1k^-1)
What are the guidelines to use ideal gas law
- convert temp. to kelvin
- convert mass to mols
- convert volume to litres
- convert pressure to KPa
What’s electron affinity?
the energy absorbed or released when an electron is added to a neutral atom
what happens to electron affinity as you go up a group
it increases
what happens to electron affinity as you go across a period
it increases
How do you name acids that do not contain oxygen?
- hydro (root) ic acid
ex: hydrogen fluoride (HF)
~ hydrofluoric acid
ex: hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
~ hydrocyanic acid
ex: hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
~ hydrosulfuric acid
What’s the second ionization energy?
the energy required to remove a second electron from the univalent ion to form the divalent ion
What happens to atomic radius as you move down a given group?
it increases
How do you name a binary ionic compound?
- name the metal ion first, then the non-metal
- if the metal is a TRANSITION METAL, it can have more than one charge (roman numerals in brackets after the name of the metal to indicate charge)
- the suffix of the non-metal is changed to ide (ex. oxygen –> oxide)
example: Fe2O3
~ Iron (III) oxide
example: Ca (NO3)2
~ calcium nitrate
example: AuCl3
~ Gold (III) chloride
What is Avogadro’s Gas Law?
states that equal volumes of all ideal gases at the same temperature & pressure contain the same # of molecules
n1/v1= n2/v2
What happens to ionization energy as you move left to right across a period on the periodic table?
ionization energy increases
What intermolecular force is present in ionic bonds?
electrostatic force
Whats the absolute zero?
the lowest theoretical temperature; -273.15°C
What is Boyle’s Gas Law?
as pressure increases, volume decreases
as pressure decreases, volume increases
P1V1=P2V2
As you move down a given group, what happens?
- atomic radius increases
- ionization energy decreases
- electronegativity decreases
What’s the Combined Gas Law?
law of combining volumes
p1v1/T1 = p2v2/T2
What’s ionization energy?
the energy needed to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion
What’s a peroxide?
An oxygen ion that will only bond with group 1 elements
ex: Fr2O2
~ francium peroxide
How do you name acids that contain oxygen?
HFO4 = perfluorate (change to ic acid) –> perfluoric acid
HFO3 = fluorate (change to ic acid) –> fluoric acid
HFO2 = fluorite (change to ous acid) –> fluorous acid
HFO = hypofluorite (change to ous acid) –> hypofluorous acid
What’s electronegativity
a measure of the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a chemical bond
~ an indicator of the relative ability of an atom to attract shared electrons
How do you name a binary molecular compound?
- name the element with the lower group # first
- exception: if oxygen is combined with a halogen (group 7) then the halogen is named first
- name of the 1st element is unchanged
- add ide to the suffix of the second element
- if there are two or more atoms of the first atom, indicate the # of atoms
- always add a prefix to the second element to show the # of atoms
ex: N2O4
~ dinitrogen tetroxide
ex: SF6
~ Sulfur hexafluoride
ex: PCl5
~ phosphorus pentachloride
What are the charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Protons = positive
Neutrons = neutral
Electrons = negative
What does the prefix thio mean?
it means that an oxygen in the compound has been replaced by a sulfur atom
EX: SO4 ^2- is Sulphate
~ S2O3 ^2- = thiosulphate
~ S2O2 ^2- = thiosulphite
What are binary compounds
compounds that consist of atoms of 2 elements
(mostly a metal and a non-metal)
What’s the london dispersion force?
an attractive force acting between all molecules, including non-polar molecules
~ the weakest intermolecular force
What’s the first ionization energy?
the energy required to remove the first valence electron from a neutral atom
What’s Charles Gas Law
as temperature increases, volume increases
as temperature decreases, volume decreases
V1/T1 = V2/T2
What happens to atomic radius as you move across a period from left to right?
it decreases
How do you name acids with a monoatomic ion?
ide –> hydro (root) ic acid
As the monoatomic ion ends with ide, put hydro before the root of the monoatomic ion and add the ic acid at the end.
example: HCl
~ hydrochloric acid
example: H2S
~ hydrosulfuric acid
example: HCN
~ CN- is cyanide
~ name: hydrocyanic acid
What’s hydrogen bonding?
attraction of hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine in adjacent molecules
~ a relatively strong dipole-dipole force that can only occur between O-H, N-H, and F-H bonds
What’s the dipole-dipole force?
force of attraction between POLAR molecules
~ the attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another molecule
How do you name acids with polyatomic ions?
ate –> ic acid
ite –> ous acid
If the polyatomic ion ends with ate, change it to ic acid. If the polyatomic ion ends with ite, change it to ous acid.
example: HNO3
~ NO3- is nitrate
~ therefore the name is nitric acid
example: H2SO3
~ SO3 ^2- is sulfite
~ therefore the name is sulfurous acid
How do you convert Celsius to kelvin? How do you convert kelvin to celsius?
Celsius to kelvin = °C + 273.15
kelvin to celsius = kelvin - 273.15
What’s a binary molecular compound?
compounds that are made up of 2 nonmetals
ex: CO2
~ carbon dioxide
What happens to ionization energy moving down a group on the periodic table?
ionization energy decreases
what does avagadros gas law state?
a gas law stating that equal volumes of all ideal gasses at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules
what does combined gas law state?
a gas law stating that the pressure and volume of a given amount of gas are inversely proportional to each other and are directly proportional to the kelvin temparture of the gas.
what does gay lussacs law state
a gas law stating that the pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a constant volume is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature.
what does charles law state
a gas law stating that the volume of a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature of the gas.
what does boyles gas law state?
a gas law stating that the volume of a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature is inversely porotional to the applied (external) pressure on the gas
what is ideal gas law?
a gas law that describes the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and amount (in moles) of an ideal gas law.
PV=nRT
What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures?
a gas law which states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas
What is a covalent bond?
attraction between atoms from the sharing of electrons
~ a chemical bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms
involves electrostatic attractions between the positively charged nuclei and the negatively charged electrons
if the electronegativity of 1 of the 2 atoms that are bonded together is greater than the electronegativity of the other atom, the electrons will be attracted more strongly to the first atom
whats a polar covalent bond?
a covalent bond in which electron distribution is unequal
~ a covalent bond formed between two atoms with significantly different electronegativities
what do polar bonds have?
a positive pole and a negative pole
~ ex. dipole bonds
How do you know if a bond is ionic, polar covalent, etc.?
you know from the ΔEN
ΔEN > 1.7 = mostly ionic
ΔEN is between 0.4 - 1.7 = polar covalent
ΔEN < 0.4 = slightly polar covalent
ΔEN = 0 –> non polar covalent
What are coordinate covalent bonds?
a covalent bond in which both electrons come from the same atom
What are van der waals forces?
weak intermolecular attractions
* including LONDON DISPERSION forces & DIPOLE-DIPOLE forces
What is a polar molecule?
a molecule that is slightly positively charged at one end and slightly negatively charged at the other because of electronegativity differences
whats a chemical reaction
a chemical change where one or more substances are destroyed and one or more new substances are created
whats a synthesis reaction
2 or more reactants combine to form a complex substance/product
what are the different types of synthesis?
1) two elements form a binary compound (ex. Na + Cl –> NaCl)
2) two non-metals form a molecular compound (ex. C + O2 –> CO2)
3) non-metal oxide and water form an oxyacid (CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3)
4) metal oxide and water form a base (Na2O + H2O –> NaOH)
whats a decomposition reaction
the compound (product) breaks down into its elements or substances (the reactants)
what are the different types of decompoistion reactions
1) binary compounds break down into their elements (NaCl –> Na + Cl2)
2) metal nitrate breaks down (–>) into the metal nitrite and oxygen gas (ex. NaN03 –> NaNO2 + O2)
3) metal carbonate breaks down into the metal oxide and carbon dioxide (ex CaCO3 –> CaO + CO2)
4) metal hydroxide breaks down into the metal oxide and water (ex. NAOH –> Na2O + H20)
whats a combustion reaction
reaction that involves oxygen gas as a reactant and a hydrocarbon (CxHy)
whats complete combustion and what does it produce?
complete combustion is where there is abundant/excess oxygen gas
~ only produces water (H20) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
whats incomplete combustion and what does it produce?
incomplete combustion is where there is limited oxygen gas
~ produces water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon (C)
* this carbon can be soot
in what order do you have to balance a combustion reaction
balance carbon first, balance hydrogen second, balance oxygen third
Whats the kinetic molecular theory of gases?
Kinetic molecular theory states that gas particles are in constant motion and exhibit perfectly elastic collisions
