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BME 331 > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

MCSF function

A

Promotes monocyte differentiation into macrophage

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2
Q

Why don’t macrophages undergo diapedesis?

A

Because they reside extravascular

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3
Q

Macrophage size

A

80-100 microns

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4
Q

Motility definition

A

Ability to move spontaneously by expanding energy

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5
Q

Define phagocytes

A

Cells that protect a body by ingesting foreign objects

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6
Q

Clonal selection theory

A

Clonal selection theory explains how adaptive immunity works, stating that lymphocytes specific to an antigen are selectively activated and proliferate upon encountering that antigen.

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7
Q

2 subtypes of acquired immunity

A

Humoral
Cell mediated

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8
Q

(T/F) NK cells require stressed cells to display MHC or Ab

A

False

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9
Q

TH1 is for humoral/cell mediated

A

Cell mediated

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10
Q

TH2 is for humoral/cell mediated

A

Humoral immunity

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11
Q

MHC classes

A

MHC only displays peptides

Class 1: Intracellular source
Class 2: Extracellular source

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12
Q

Two ways antibody contribute to immunity

A
  1. Activation of complement system
    - leads to pathogen lysis
  2. Opsonization
    - leads to phagocytosis
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13
Q

4 main steps in wound healing

A
  1. Injury
    - few mins
  2. Coagulation
    - few hours
  3. Inflammation
    - few hours
  4. Repair and remodeling
    - weeks ~ months
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14
Q

Describe the difference between angiogenesis and vasculogenesis

A

Angiogenesis:
* Formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones.
* Occurs during wound healing, tumor growth, and tissue repair.
* Involves sprouting, proliferation, migration, and remodeling of endothelial cells.

Vasculogenesis:
* De novo formation of blood vessels from precursor cells.
* Occurs during embryonic development.
* Involves differentiation of angioblasts into endothelial cells and their assembly into primitive vascular structures.

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15
Q

Granulation tissue

A
  • type of connective tissue
  • scar tissue in early wound healing
  • subset of fibrosis
  • highly vascular, red, bumpy tissue, often moist, bleeds easily
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16
Q

When does remodeling phase begin

A

When production and degradation of fibrosis collagen is equal

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17
Q

What happens during remodeling phase

A

Disorganized collagen is rearranged and cross-linked in the direction of load bearing axis (tension or compression)

18
Q

Why is blood important during remodeling phase

A

They deliver nutrients and oxygen (angiogenesis!)

19
Q

Describe the timing aspects of wound healing

A
  1. Blood clotting (immediate)
  2. Clot break down (1-2 days)
  3. Appearance of granulation tissue with angiogenesis (3-5 days)
  4. Proliferative/repair phase (several weeks)
  5. Remodeling phase (several years)
20
Q

What can arrest wound healing process in the inflammatory stage?

How does this do so?

A

Chronic inflammation

  • This can lead to impaired matrix formation
  • Inadequate or inactive GFs
  • Mis-regulated enzymes
21
Q

How does infection lead to risk of chronic non-healing?

A

Prolonged inflammatory phase reduces ability of the tissue to proliferate

22
Q

Surface analytical techniques generate information about the (3 things)

A
  • topography
  • chemical composition
  • interaction
23
Q

Should we include efficacy with safety?

A

No! Lychees can be effective, but not safe!

24
Q

What is meant by safety?

A

Non-injurious
Non-toxic

25
Q

Are biocompatibility and bioactivity the same

A

No. Bioactivity refers to eliciting a specific response at the surface of the material. For example, contact lenses are not bioactive. However, all materials that interacts with the body must be biocompatible.

26
Q

Most pre-clinical testing is done on _____ instead of the ______

A

Material, whole device

27
Q

3 classes of medical devices

A

Class 1
- does not sustain human life, been around a while
- most exempt from 510k clearance

Class 2
- most require 510k clearance

Class 3
- supports or sustains life
- nearly all require premarket approval (PMA)

28
Q

What is 510k

A

Premarket submission made to FDA that the medical device is substantially equivalent to the one that exists in the market (=predicate device), that does not require PMA

29
Q

Sequence of tests

A
  1. In vitro
  2. Ex vivo
  3. Animal models (sheeps, pigs)
  4. Clinical trials
30
Q

Purpose of in vitro testing

A

Used to screen materials and devices for BIOCOMPATIBILITY

31
Q

Cost for in vitro testing

A

100s~ 1000s

32
Q

Cost for in vitro lab facility

A

50k ~ 100k

33
Q

Which state of testing involves relatively fast processing of a large number of materials and prototypes?

A

In vitro testing

34
Q

Limitations of in vitro testing

A

No understanding of efficacy (just know the material does not kill cells)

No understanding of systemic toxicity, only at the individual cell level

35
Q

Purpose of in vitro study

A

Used to screen materials and devices for biocompatibility

36
Q

What is the size progression of animal models

A

Small -> large

Generally, larger animals are mroe expensive.

37
Q

What does every school + industry have that evaluates animal care and use program?

A

IACUC

38
Q

Things to consider when using animal mdoels

A
  • must choose appropriate species + justify it
  • carefully plan experiments using smallest number of animals that will use statistical result
  • animal welfare act of 1966 - addresses care + use of lab animals
39
Q

5 essential features of clinical trials

A
  1. uses defined inclusion/exclusion rules
    - age/weight requirements
  2. use of control groups
  3. subjects assigned to groups randomly
  4. double-blinded studies
  5. adequate size of experimental/control groups
40
Q

Cost of non-human primates

A

millions

41
Q
A

BME 331 (8 decks)

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