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BME 331 > Exam 1 prep 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 prep 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a mixture of _____ + _____

A

Plasma, numerous cells (platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes)

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2
Q

Blood cells originate from _____ by a process known as _____

A

Bone marrow, hematopoesis

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3
Q

Platelets are also known as ______

A

Thrombocytes

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4
Q

What is hematopoesis?

A

Differentiation of progenitor cell into thrombocytes, erythrocytes, or leukocytes

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5
Q

Name three components of the blood

A

Plasma (55%)
Buffy coat (<1%)
Platelets (45%)

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6
Q

Function of thymus

A

Mature lymphocytes

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7
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells harvested from

A

Growing embryos

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8
Q

Pluripotent vs multipotent cells

A

Pluripotent cells can differentiate into all cells in the body. Multipotent cells can differentiate into more than one type of cell, but are more limited than pluripotent cells.

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9
Q

Are embryonic stem cells pluripotent or multipotent cells

A

Pluripotent

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10
Q

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into (3)

A

Endoderm (lung), mesoderm (blood), ectoderm (skin, its derivatives)

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11
Q

All the cells that are circulating in the blood come from one type of cell in the marrow. What is the name of the cell?

A

Multipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell (MHSC)

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12
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Minimal role in wound healing and blood-biomaterial interactions
  • No nucleus or cytoplasmic organelles
  • Do not proliferate
  • Mature RBC do not synthesize hemoglobin
  • Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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13
Q

_____ produce hemoglobin

A

RBC progenitors

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14
Q

When does RBC stop producing hemoglobin

A

After nuclear extrusion

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15
Q

Erythrocytes can live up to _____ days

A

120

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16
Q

Why are red blood cells deformable?

A

Because they have no nucleus

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17
Q

What is a problem arising from loss of normal rbc function?

A

Hypoxia

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18
Q

Sickled RBC lifetime

A

10-20 days

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19
Q

Alternative name for platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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20
Q

Platelet size

A

2-4 microns

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21
Q

Do platelets have nucleus

A

No

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22
Q

Prominent features of thrombocytes

A

Granules containing chemicals needed for coagulation

23
Q

Contractile proteins in thrombocytes (platelets)

A

Actin (regulates granule secretion)
Myosin
Thrombosthenin

24
Q

Latent contributors of hemostasis (stopping of bleeding)

A

Von Willebrand factor (VWF)
- large protein produced by endothelial cells and and circulates throughout the plasma

Collagen type 1 and 3
- distributed throughout the sub endothelium

25
Q

Describe the difference between aggregation and coagulation

A

Aggregation: start of coagulation, accumulation of platelets to site of wound

Coagulation: activation of clotting factors following platelet aggregation

26
Q

Contributors of platelet aggregation

A
  1. Fibrinogen
    - Faciliate platelet-platelet aggregation
  2. Thrombin
    - Stimulate platelet activation and degranulation
27
Q

Contributors of coagulation

A

Thrombin
- cleaves peptide bonds away from fibrinogen

28
Q

What is vascular spasm

A

Constriction of blood vessels that stops or dramatically reduces blood flow

  • outside-in (counter to coagulation: inside-out)
29
Q

3 anti-coagulants

A

Thrombomodulin, fibrin, antithrombin III

30
Q

What is fibrynolysis

A

Removal of blood clot

plasminogen -> plasmin via tissue plasminogen activator (takes 2 days)

plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that digests the fibrin threads of the clot and other pro-coagulants

31
Q

Most common child cancer

A

Leukemia

32
Q

Leukocyte/Granulocyte function

A

Consume/destroy foreign objects

33
Q

What is extravasation/diapedisis?

A

Movement of leukocytes out of intra vascular space to extravascular space

34
Q

! Reticulocytes become _____

A

RBC

35
Q

! Monocytes become _____

A

Macrophages

36
Q

! What hangs onto monocytes as they roll in the lumen?

A

Granule proteins

37
Q

Name the word for movement of an organism with motility toward or away from a stimulant source

A

Taxis

38
Q

Durotaxis

A

Cell migration guided by gradients in substrate stiffness

39
Q

Fixed tissue macrophages function

A

Permanently resides in the interstitial space. Detects damage to the tissue. Upon injury, releases pro-inflammatory signaling molecules, specifically cytokines

40
Q

4 lines of backup

A
  1. Fixed macrophages
  2. Circulating neutrophils
  3. Monocyte-macrophage system
  4. Upregulating production of monocytes and granulocytes
41
Q

MCSF function

A

Help monocytes differentiate into macrophages

42
Q

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

Pro-inflammatory when oxidized, Bad kind

43
Q

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

Can be both pro or anit-inflmmatory

44
Q

! Why can’t macrophages undergo diapedisis?

A

Too large

45
Q

! Macrophage size

A

80-100 microns

46
Q

How do cells move

A

Microtubles

47
Q

Do cells undergo torsion and sheer?

A

Yes

48
Q

Phagocyte definition

A

Cells that protect body by consuming foreign objects (macrophage, neutrophil, dendritic cell, mast cell)

49
Q

T/F a hydrophobic surface is more likely to be recognized as foreign

A

True

50
Q

If material is greater than 5 microns, complete phagocytosis + stressed call (inflammation) occurs. What happens if the foreign material is greater than 10 microns?

A

Frustrated phagocytosis (also inflammatory)

51
Q

Two outcomes for infection

A

1) Little/no permanent damage
2) Fibrotic tissue forms (abcess)

52
Q

Objects in the tissue that causes inflammation

A

Micro organisms, foreign objects, dead cells, dead tissues

53
Q

Is Vroman effect relevant for more than one type of protein

A

No. Vroman is only relevant to one type of protein

BME 331 (8 decks)

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