Final Exam Flashcards
Adverse reaction
an unintended and undesirable effect produced by a drug.
Allergen
a substance that is capable of causing an allergic reaction.
Allergy
an abnormal hypersensitivity of the body to substances that are ordinarily harmless.
Ampule
a small sealed glass container that holds a single dose of medicine.
don’t confuse with vial
Anaphylactic reaction
a serious allergic reaction that requires immediate treatment.
Chemotherapy
the use of chemicals to treat disease. The term chemotherapy is most often used to refer to the treatment of cancer using antineoplastic medications.
Controlled drug
a drug that has restrictions placed on it by the federal government because of its potential for abuse.
Dose
the quantity of a drug to be administered at one time.
Drug
a chemical used for the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease.
Gauge
the diameter of the lumen if a needle used to administer medication.
Induration
an abnormally raised, hardened area of the skin with clearly defined margins.
Infusion
the administration of fluids, medications, or nutrients into a vein.
don’t mistake with transfusion
Inhalation administration
the administration by way of air or the other vapor being drawn into the lungs.
Intramuscular injection (IM)
introduction of medication into the muscular layer of the body.
Intravenous (IV) therapy
the administration of a liquid agent directly into a patient’s vein, where it is distributed throughout the body by way of the circulatory system.
Oral administration
administration of medication by mouth.
Pharmacology
the study of drugs.
Prescription
a physician’s order authorizing the dispensing of a drug by a pharmacist.
Subcutaneous injection
introduction of medication beneath the skin, into the subcutaneous or fatty layer of the body.
Sublingual administration
administration of medication by placing it under the tongue, where it dissolves and is absorbed through the mucous membrane.
Topical administration
application of a drug to a particular spot, usually for a local action.
Transfusion
the administration of whole blood or blood products by the intravenous route.
don’t mistake with infusion
Vial
a closed glass container with a rubber stopper that holds medication.
don’t confuse with ampule
Wheal
a tense, pale, raised area of the skin.
ac
before meals
bid
twice a day
gtt(s)
drop / drops
h or hr
hour
IM
intramuscular
ID
intradermal
mg
milligram
ml
milliliter
NPO
nothing by mouth
OTC
over the counter
pc
after meals
po or PO
by mouth
prn
as needed
qh
every hour
qid
four times a day
Rx
prescription
STAT
immediately
tid
three times a day
tsp
teaspoon
x
times
Biopsy
the surgical removal and examination of tissue from the living body. Biopsies generally are performed to determine whether a tumor is benign or malignant.
Colonoscopy
the visualization of the rectum and the entire colon using a colonoscope.
Colonoscope
an endoscope that is specially designed for passage through the anus to permit visualization of the rectum and the entire length of the colon.
Endoscope
an instrument that consists of a tube and an optical system that is used for direct visual inspection of organs or cavities.
Insufflate
to blow a powder, vapor, or gas (e.g. air) into a body cavity.
Melena
the darkening of the stool caused by the presence of blood in an amount of 50 mL or greater.
Occult blood
blood in such a small amount that it is not detectable by the unaided eye.
Peroxidase
as it pertains to the guaiac slide test: a substance that is able to transfer oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide to oxidize guaiac, causing the guaiac to turn blue.
Sigmoidoscope
an endoscope that is specially designed for passage through the anus to permit visualization of the rectum and sigmoid colon.
Sigmoidoscopy
the visual examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope.
Information contained in a Medical record
Demographic info
Health history
Chief complaint
Family history
Social history
Medical records (definition)
a written record of important information regarding a patient, their care & progress. It is considered a legal document.
Medical records (function)
-to provide information for making decisions regarding the pt’s care
-to document pt progress
-to serve as a legal document
Pulmonary Function Test, PFT (purpose)
to assess lung functioning, assisting in the detection and evaluation of pulmonary disease.
Pulmonary Function Testing (Types of tests)
-Spirometery
-Lung volumes
-Diffusion capacity
-Arterial blood gas studies
-Pulse oximetry
Cardiopulmonary exercise tests
Spirometry
a noninvasive screening test that is often performed in the medical office.
Spirometer
measures how much air is pushed out of the lungs and how fast it is pushed out. It has to be calibrated each day that the mashine is used to ensure accurate and valid test results.
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COPD (definition)
a chronic airway obstruction that results from emphysema or chronic bronchitis or a combination of both. It is chronic, debilitating, irreversible, and sometimes fatal.
COPD (symptoms)
-no early symptoms
-many ppl don’t know they have this disease and by the time they have symptoms, irreversible damage has already been done.
-shortness of breath is present all the time, including sitting down.
COPD (treatment)
-stop smoking (if applicable) to slow the progression of the disease
-Bronchodilators: to relax and widen the bronchial tubes to increase airflow
-Antibiotics: to treat infections that could interfere with breathing and lung function
-Corticosteroids: to reduce inflammation
-Oxygen therapy
-Avoiding extreme temperatures
Emphysema and smoking
-most often seen in older adults with a long history of smoking.
-emphysema due to cigarette smoking is caused by irreversible damage to the alveoli in the lungs from toxins present in cigarette smoke.
Emphysema (definition)
a condition with irreversible damage to the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs.
Chronic bronchitis (definition)
an inflammation of the lining of the bronchiole tubes that causes swelling and excess production of mucus.
Chronic bronchitis (symptoms)
-chronic cough
-shortness of breath
-coughing up mucus
Asthma (definition)
a chronic lung disease that affects the small airways of the lungs. It can occur at any age but mainly occurs in young adults and children.
-there is no cure but the patients are able to lead normal lives.
Wheezing
a continuous high pitched whistling musical sound heard particularly during exhalation and sometimes during inhalation.
Asthma attack is also known as…
an asthma flare-up or asthma episode
- they vary from individual to individual.
Peakflo meter
a portable, handheld manual or digital device, and it is used to measure how quickly air flows out of the lungs when patient exhales forcefully.
- they can be purchased OTC in two ranges: low range and full range
Low range peakflow meter
-used by children
-ranges from 0-300
Full range peakflow meter
-used by older children, teens, and adults
-ranges from 0-800
Peakflo meter (how to use)
-tightly seal the lips around the mouthpiece
-take a deep breath until the lungs are full
-blow all the air out of the lungs as fast as possible
Wound
a break in the continuity of an external or internal surface, caused by physical means.
Open wound
a break in the skin surface or mucous membrane that exposes underlying tissues.
Incision
-an open wound
-a clean smooth cut caused by a sharp cutting instrument (knife, razor, piece of glass).
Laceration
-an open wound where the tissues are torn apart, rather than cut, leaving a ragged and irregular edges. Caused by dull knifes, large objects driven into the skin, heavy machinery.
Punctures
-an open wound made of sharp, pointed objects piercing the skin layers and sometimes the underlying structures. Caused by splinter, needles, nails.
Abrasions
- an open wound in which the outer layer of the skin is scrapped or rubbed off. (falls, floor burns)
Closed wound
involves an injury to the underlying tissues of the body without a break in the skin surface or mucous membrane
Fracture
a break in the bone.
Dislocation
an injury in which one end of a bone making up a joint is separated or displaced from its normal position.
Sprain
is the tearing of ligaments at a joint.
Strain
is the stretching and tearing of muscles or tendons.
Splint
any item that immobilizes a body part.
Burns
is an injury to the tissue caused by exposure to thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents.
First degree / Superficial Burn
a burn involving the top layer of the skin (epidermis)
Second degree / Partial-thickness Burn
a burn involving the epidermis and dermis.
Third degree/ Full-thickness Burn
a burn involving the completely destroyed epidermis, dermis, and affects underlying tissues including subcut, bone, and nerves.
Crash cart
a specially equipped cart for holding and transporting medications, equipment and supplies needed to perform lifesaving procedures in an emergency.
POC Tests
Urinalysis (Chapter 16)
- Urinalysis
- Urine pregnancy test
Fecal testing (Chapter 13)
- Fecal occult blood testing
Blood chemistry and immunology
- Blood glucose
- Hemoglobin A1C
- Rapid HIV screening
Microbiology
- Rapid strep
- Influenza A and B testing
Purpose of CLIA
regulations by the feds to improve the quality of laboratory testing in the United States.
Waived test
a lab test that has been determined by CLIA to be a simple procedure that is easy to perform and has low risk of erroneous test results.
Quality control
the application of methods and means to ensure that test results are relibale and valid, and errors that may interfere with obtaining accurate test results are detected and eliminated.
