Final Exam Flashcards
What are Aristotle’s 5 cannons of rhetoric?
Invention, Arrangement, Style, Delivery, Memory
What are the 5 assumptions of the narrative paradigm
- Humans are story tellers
- Decision making and communication are based on good reason
- Good reasons are determined by issues of history, biography, culture and character
- rationality is based in people’s awareness of how internally consistent with and truth to lived experiences appear to be
- the world is experienced by people as a set of stories from which to choose
What are the 3 types of coherence?
structural, material, characterological
What is structural coherence?
Narrative Paradigm
how smoothly the story flows
What is material coherence?
Narrative Paradigm
how much the story relates to other stories similar to it
What is characterological coherence?
the believability of the characters in the story
What are the criticisms of the narrative paradigm?
scope (too broad)
testability
What are the 3 assumptions of cultivation analysis?
- Television is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media
- television is the the culture’s primary story teller - Television shapes our society’s way of thinking and relating
- The influence of television is limited
- television has a cumulative and pervasive impact on our view of the world
What are the 4 steps of cultivation analysis?
- Researchers conduct a message system analysis
- Researchers formulate questions about viewers’ social realities
- Researchers survey the audience by asking the questions developed in the second step and ask these views about their levels of television consumption
- Researchers compare the social realities of light and heavy viewers
What is rhetoric?
available means of persuasion
What is audience analysis?
process of evaluating an audience and its background (age, race, education level)
what is ethos?
character, ethics and intelligence of speakers revealed through their speeches
what is logos?
the logical proof and claims that speakers employ in their speeches
what is pathos?
the emotions that are drawn out of listeners
what is forensic rhetoric?
speaking in court rooms
what is epideictic rhetoric?
ceremonial speaking at weddings and funerals
what is deliberative rhetoric?
determines an audiences course of action (political) like the state of union
what is a syllogism?
a set of propositions that are related to one another and raw a conclusion from the major and minor premise. (deductive argument)
what is an enthymeme?
syllogism based on probabilities, signs and examples
-leaves room for the audience to fill in the blanks
what is a paradigm shift?
significant change in the way people think about the world and its meanings
what is narrative rationality?
standards for judging which stories to believe and which to regard
what is narrative fidelity?
truthfulness or reliability of the story
what is mainstreaming?
when heavy viewers social realities move toward the mainstream. TV starts to dominate other sources of information and ideas about the world
what is resonance?
when things on TV are congruent with viewers’ actual everyday realities
what is violence?
behavior causing intentional physical harm to another individual
what is aggression?
internal motivation behind the violent behavior
what is positive reinforcement?
rewarding the response
what is negative reinforcement?
when a particular behavior is strengthened by stopping or removing some sort of negative stimuli
what is punishment?
punishing the resonse
what is disinhibition?
when watching violent media reduces the normal inhibitions most people have against performing violent behavior
what is observational learning?
when the process of modeling actually teaches a new behavior
what is positive face?
desire to be liked and admired by significant others
what is negative face?
desire to be autonomous and unconstrained
what is face saving?
the effort to prevent the occurrence of events that may elicit vulnerability or damage one’s self image
what is face restoration?
occurs after the loss of face has happened.
excuses/justifications
what is tact facework?
the extent to which one respects another’s autonomy and allows that person the freedom to behave without imposing restrictions
what is solidarity facework?
refers to the acceptance of others as members of an in-group. Differences are minimized and commonalities are highlighted through informal language and sharing of experiences.
what is approbation facework?
refers to the process of minimizing the amount of blame that is communicated and maximizing the amount of praise that is sent. Focuses on positive rather than negative aspects of another
what is gender?
learned behaviors of femininity and masculinity. This is changeable and reflects the preferences of society
what is sex?
biological characteristics associated with being male or female
what is perception?
process of attending to and interpreting messages
what is evaluation?
process of judging a conversation
what is convergence?
defined as a strategy in which individuals adapt to each other’s communicative behaviors
what is divergence
defined as a strategy used to accentuate the verbal and nonverbal differences between communicators.
what is overaccommodation?
used to describe a speaker who over-accomodates for differences between communicators
What is activity?
Uses and gratifications
what the media consumer does
what is activeness?
the audience’s freedom and autonomy in the mass communication situation
what is the PAT coding scheme?
each part?
how is it used to count acts of violence?
what it is: what researchers use to identify acts of aggression.
parts: a unique Perpetrator, a particular type of Aggressive act and a unique Target
each act involved is an individual PAT
what are first order cultivation effects?
learning facts
what are second order cultivation effects?
learning values
what is the relationship between television viewing and the mean world index?
heavy viewers see the world as a meaner place than light viewers do
What are the criticisms of cultivation analysis?
logical consistency, utility, test of time
what are the predictions of social learning theory?
people see a violent act in the media and then later behave more violently than they otherwise would
what are the predictions of desensitization theory?
we become, less sensitive, more jaded and less aroused by violence the more we are exposed to it
what are the predictions of catharsis theory?
a decrease in violent behavior after watching violent behavior
what were bandura’s booboo doll studies? what did they help demonstrate?
young children watched someone behave aggressively towards a doll. Researchers observed children and saw that they were acting aggressively just as they had seen the man do.
this tested and refined the social learning theory and showed that modeling happens outside of the lab
what is the difference between disinhibition and desensitization?
DISINHIBITION: assumes one time exposure is enough, and people are more likely to imitate violence and leads people to think that media is a legitimate way to solve problems
DESENSITIZATION: assumes long time exposure is necessary, people become less responsive to violence the more they see it in the media
what are the criticisms of media effects theories?
social learning: utility
desensitization: difficult to study
catharsis: test of time
what is schramms fraction of selection?
expectation of reward/effort required = frequency of activity
what is maslows hierarchy of needs in ORDER?
- Self Acualization
- Esteem Needs
- Social Needs
- Safety Needs
- Psychological Needs
what is McQuail’s media use typology?
diversion, personal relationships, personal identity and surveillance
what are the types of audience activity?
uses and gratifications
utility, intentionality, selectivity, imperviousness to influence
what is utility?
type of audience activity in UGT
when media has uses for people and people put the media to use
(reading a magazine to keep up with fashion)
what is intentionality?
type of audience activity in UGT
when people’s prior motivations determine their consumption of media content
(watching HBO for a comedy special)
what is selectivity?
type of audience activity in UGT
individual audience members’ use reflect their existing interest and preference
(listening to jazz radio station because you like jazz)
what is imperviousness to influence?
type of audience activity in UGT
audience members construct their own meaning from content and that this meaning influences what they think and do. They often actively avoid certain types of media influence
(buying a product because you like it, not because of the advertisement for it)
what kind of programming contains the most violence?
children’s shows
what are the parts of social learning?
attention –> retention –> behavior
what is the identification factor in social learning?
when someone identifies with something they see, they are more likely to attend to that behavior
what is the reinforcement factor in social learning?
considered in whether or not to perform the behavior
what are the 4 types of politeness strategies?
bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness and indirect/ off record
what is the degree of face protection offered by the bald on record strategy?
there is no attempt to acknowledge someones face needs
what is the degree of face protection offered by the positive politeness strategy?
there is an attempt to minimize threat to the hearer’s face
what is the degree of face protection offered by the negative politeness strategy?
there is an appeal to ones desire for autonomy
what is the degree of face protected offered by the indirect/ off the record strategy?
avoids threatening the hearer’s positive and negative face
what are the 5 conflict management strategies in the THEORIES OF FACE chapter?
avoiding, obliging, compromising, dominance, integrating
what is the avoiding conflict management strategy?
interactants stay away from unpleasant exchanges and disagreements with others
what is the obliging conflict management strategy?
attempting to satisfy the needs of others or going along with other’s suggestions by giving in
what is the compromising conflict management strategy?
looking for solutions that work for both parties
what is the dominating conflict management strategy?
interactants behave by influencing others or using authority to get their ideas across or when making decisions…competitiveness
what is the integrating conflict management strategy?
collaborating with others to find solutions to the problems so no one has to sacrifice
what is the process of silencing?
- ridicule
- ritual
- control
- harassment
what are the criticisms of the muted group theory?
lack of utility, heurism, test of tim
what is street harassment?
verbal threats of men and their non verbal control of public places
what are the theoretical roots of communication accommodation theory?
social identity theory
what are the three forms of over accommodation?
sensory, dependency, intergroup
what is the sensory form of over accommodation?
over adapting to someone who is seen as limited in some way
what is the dependency form of over accommodation?
when the speaker assigns the listener to a lower status role
what is the intergroup form of over accommodation?
speaker lumps listeners into a group (being overly stereotypical to a group of people)
