Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are Aristotle’s 5 cannons of rhetoric?
A
Invention, Arrangement, Style, Delivery, Memory
2
Q
What are the 5 assumptions of the narrative paradigm
A
- Humans are story tellers
- Decision making and communication are based on good reason
- Good reasons are determined by issues of history, biography, culture and character
- rationality is based in people’s awareness of how internally consistent with and truth to lived experiences appear to be
- the world is experienced by people as a set of stories from which to choose
3
Q
What are the 3 types of coherence?
A
structural, material, characterological
4
Q
What is structural coherence?
Narrative Paradigm
A
how smoothly the story flows
5
Q
What is material coherence?
Narrative Paradigm
A
how much the story relates to other stories similar to it
6
Q
What is characterological coherence?
A
the believability of the characters in the story
7
Q
What are the criticisms of the narrative paradigm?
A
scope (too broad)
testability
8
Q
What are the 3 assumptions of cultivation analysis?
A
- Television is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media
- television is the the culture’s primary story teller - Television shapes our society’s way of thinking and relating
- The influence of television is limited
- television has a cumulative and pervasive impact on our view of the world
9
Q
What are the 4 steps of cultivation analysis?
A
- Researchers conduct a message system analysis
- Researchers formulate questions about viewers’ social realities
- Researchers survey the audience by asking the questions developed in the second step and ask these views about their levels of television consumption
- Researchers compare the social realities of light and heavy viewers
10
Q
What is rhetoric?
A
available means of persuasion
11
Q
What is audience analysis?
A
process of evaluating an audience and its background (age, race, education level)
12
Q
what is ethos?
A
character, ethics and intelligence of speakers revealed through their speeches
13
Q
what is logos?
A
the logical proof and claims that speakers employ in their speeches
14
Q
what is pathos?
A
the emotions that are drawn out of listeners
15
Q
what is forensic rhetoric?
A
speaking in court rooms
16
Q
what is epideictic rhetoric?
A
ceremonial speaking at weddings and funerals
17
Q
what is deliberative rhetoric?
A
determines an audiences course of action (political) like the state of union
18
Q
what is a syllogism?
A
a set of propositions that are related to one another and raw a conclusion from the major and minor premise. (deductive argument)
19
Q
what is an enthymeme?
A
syllogism based on probabilities, signs and examples
-leaves room for the audience to fill in the blanks
20
Q
what is a paradigm shift?
A
significant change in the way people think about the world and its meanings
21
Q
what is narrative rationality?
A
standards for judging which stories to believe and which to regard
22
Q
what is narrative fidelity?
A
truthfulness or reliability of the story
23
Q
what is mainstreaming?
A
when heavy viewers social realities move toward the mainstream. TV starts to dominate other sources of information and ideas about the world
24
Q
what is resonance?
A
when things on TV are congruent with viewers’ actual everyday realities
25
what is violence?
behavior causing intentional physical harm to another individual
26
what is aggression?
internal motivation behind the violent behavior
27
what is positive reinforcement?
rewarding the response
28
what is negative reinforcement?
when a particular behavior is strengthened by stopping or removing some sort of negative stimuli
29
what is punishment?
punishing the resonse
30
what is disinhibition?
when watching violent media reduces the normal inhibitions most people have against performing violent behavior
31
what is observational learning?
when the process of modeling actually teaches a new behavior
32
what is positive face?
desire to be liked and admired by significant others
33
what is negative face?
desire to be autonomous and unconstrained
34
what is face saving?
the effort to prevent the occurrence of events that may elicit vulnerability or damage one's self image
35
what is face restoration?
occurs after the loss of face has happened.
| excuses/justifications
36
what is tact facework?
the extent to which one respects another's autonomy and allows that person the freedom to behave without imposing restrictions
37
what is solidarity facework?
refers to the acceptance of others as members of an in-group. Differences are minimized and commonalities are highlighted through informal language and sharing of experiences.
38
what is approbation facework?
refers to the process of minimizing the amount of blame that is communicated and maximizing the amount of praise that is sent. Focuses on positive rather than negative aspects of another
39
what is gender?
learned behaviors of femininity and masculinity. This is changeable and reflects the preferences of society
40
what is sex?
biological characteristics associated with being male or female
41
what is perception?
process of attending to and interpreting messages
42
what is evaluation?
process of judging a conversation
43
what is convergence?
defined as a strategy in which individuals adapt to each other's communicative behaviors
44
what is divergence
defined as a strategy used to accentuate the verbal and nonverbal differences between communicators.
45
what is overaccommodation?
used to describe a speaker who over-accomodates for differences between communicators
46
What is activity?
| Uses and gratifications
what the media consumer does
47
what is activeness?
the audience's freedom and autonomy in the mass communication situation
48
what is the PAT coding scheme?
each part?
how is it used to count acts of violence?
what it is: what researchers use to identify acts of aggression.
parts: a unique Perpetrator, a particular type of Aggressive act and a unique Target
each act involved is an individual PAT
49
what are first order cultivation effects?
learning facts
50
what are second order cultivation effects?
learning values
51
what is the relationship between television viewing and the mean world index?
heavy viewers see the world as a meaner place than light viewers do
52
What are the criticisms of cultivation analysis?
logical consistency, utility, test of time
53
what are the predictions of social learning theory?
people see a violent act in the media and then later behave more violently than they otherwise would
54
what are the predictions of desensitization theory?
we become, less sensitive, more jaded and less aroused by violence the more we are exposed to it
55
what are the predictions of catharsis theory?
a decrease in violent behavior after watching violent behavior
56
what were bandura's booboo doll studies? what did they help demonstrate?
young children watched someone behave aggressively towards a doll. Researchers observed children and saw that they were acting aggressively just as they had seen the man do.
this tested and refined the social learning theory and showed that modeling happens outside of the lab
57
what is the difference between disinhibition and desensitization?
DISINHIBITION: assumes one time exposure is enough, and people are more likely to imitate violence and leads people to think that media is a legitimate way to solve problems
DESENSITIZATION: assumes long time exposure is necessary, people become less responsive to violence the more they see it in the media
58
what are the criticisms of media effects theories?
social learning: utility
desensitization: difficult to study
catharsis: test of time
59
what is schramms fraction of selection?
expectation of reward/effort required = frequency of activity
60
what is maslows hierarchy of needs in ORDER?
1. Self Acualization
2. Esteem Needs
3. Social Needs
4. Safety Needs
5. Psychological Needs
61
what is McQuail's media use typology?
diversion, personal relationships, personal identity and surveillance
62
what are the types of audience activity?
| uses and gratifications
utility, intentionality, selectivity, imperviousness to influence
63
what is utility?
| type of audience activity in UGT
when media has uses for people and people put the media to use
(reading a magazine to keep up with fashion)
64
what is intentionality?
| type of audience activity in UGT
when people's prior motivations determine their consumption of media content
(watching HBO for a comedy special)
65
what is selectivity?
| type of audience activity in UGT
individual audience members' use reflect their existing interest and preference
(listening to jazz radio station because you like jazz)
66
what is imperviousness to influence?
| type of audience activity in UGT
audience members construct their own meaning from content and that this meaning influences what they think and do. They often actively avoid certain types of media influence
(buying a product because you like it, not because of the advertisement for it)
67
what kind of programming contains the most violence?
children's shows
68
what are the parts of social learning?
attention --> retention --> behavior
69
what is the identification factor in social learning?
when someone identifies with something they see, they are more likely to attend to that behavior
70
what is the reinforcement factor in social learning?
considered in whether or not to perform the behavior
71
what are the 4 types of politeness strategies?
bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness and indirect/ off record
72
what is the degree of face protection offered by the bald on record strategy?
there is no attempt to acknowledge someones face needs
73
what is the degree of face protection offered by the positive politeness strategy?
there is an attempt to minimize threat to the hearer's face
74
what is the degree of face protection offered by the negative politeness strategy?
there is an appeal to ones desire for autonomy
75
what is the degree of face protected offered by the indirect/ off the record strategy?
avoids threatening the hearer's positive and negative face
76
what are the 5 conflict management strategies in the THEORIES OF FACE chapter?
avoiding, obliging, compromising, dominance, integrating
77
what is the avoiding conflict management strategy?
interactants stay away from unpleasant exchanges and disagreements with others
78
what is the obliging conflict management strategy?
attempting to satisfy the needs of others or going along with other's suggestions by giving in
79
what is the compromising conflict management strategy?
looking for solutions that work for both parties
80
what is the dominating conflict management strategy?
interactants behave by influencing others or using authority to get their ideas across or when making decisions...competitiveness
81
what is the integrating conflict management strategy?
collaborating with others to find solutions to the problems so no one has to sacrifice
82
what is the process of silencing?
1. ridicule
2. ritual
3. control
4. harassment
83
what are the criticisms of the muted group theory?
lack of utility, heurism, test of tim
84
what is street harassment?
verbal threats of men and their non verbal control of public places
85
what are the theoretical roots of communication accommodation theory?
social identity theory
86
what are the three forms of over accommodation?
sensory, dependency, intergroup
87
what is the sensory form of over accommodation?
over adapting to someone who is seen as limited in some way
88
what is the dependency form of over accommodation?
when the speaker assigns the listener to a lower status role
89
what is the intergroup form of over accommodation?
speaker lumps listeners into a group (being overly stereotypical to a group of people)
