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COM 230 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

what are quantitative research methods?

A

observations that can be converted to numbers

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1
Q

what is noise

A

anything that interferes with interpretation of a message

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2
Q

what are qualitative research methods?

A

research that can be recorded in linguistic form

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of noise?

A

physical
psyhological
physological
semantic

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4
Q

what is physical noise?

A

anything apart of the envrioment

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5
Q

what is psychological noise?

A

whats going on in their head

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6
Q

what is physological noise?

A

bodily interferences

ex. headache

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7
Q

what is semantic noise?

A

language based challenges

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8
Q

what is ontology?

A

questions the nature of reality

“what is there to know?”

realism & idealism

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9
Q

what is epistemology?

A

questions about how we know things

“how can we try to know about those things?”

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10
Q

what is the critical approach to research?

A

an approach stressing the researcher’s responsibility to change the inequities in the status quo

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11
Q

what is the interpretive approach to research?

A

an approach viewing truth as subjective and stressing the participation of the researcher in the research process

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12
Q

what is the empirical approach to research?

A

an approach assuming the existence of objective reality and value-neutral research

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13
Q

what is the self fulfilling prophecy?

A

self expectations ttat cause a person to behave in such a way that the expectations are realized

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14
Q

what is self concept?

A

relatively stable set of perceptions that people hold of themselves
individuals develop self concepts through interactions with others
self concepts provide an important motive for behavior

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15
Q

what is mind?

A

the ability to use symbols that have common social meanings and that are developed through interaction with others

we cannot interact with others until we learn language

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16
Q

what is thought?

A

allows individuals to engage in role taking: ability to symbolically reflect on ourselves from the perspectives of others

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17
Q

describe the different parts of the definitions of communication and theory

A
  • communication is a process (dynamic, ongoing, unending occurance)
  • meaning is important (what people extract from a message…leads to multiple meanings)

**Turner and West definition allows us to consider miscommunication and communication is social and contextual

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18
Q

what is subjectivist epistemologies?

A

believes in the truth we make

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19
Q

what is objectivist epistemologies?

A

truth exists apart form the knower of truth

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20
Q

what are some characteristics of theory?

A
  • level of generality
    • grand/university: explain all communication behavior
    • mid range: explain behavior of a specific group within specific context
    • narrow: explain limited behavior
  • concepts: labels most important parts of a theory
    • nominal: unobservable
    • real concepts: observable

-relationships: ways concepts link together

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21
Q

what is the purpose of theory?

A

to explain, understand, predict and to effect social change

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22
Q

what is the criteria used to evaluate theory?

A
  • Parsimony: simple explanation
  • Heurism: research and thinking generated
  • Scope: not too broad, not too specific
  • Logical Consistency: clear relationships
  • Utility: usefulness
  • Test of time: durability
  • Testability: test a theory
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23
Q

what does POEM stand for?

A 
the origins of theroy:
paradigm- ground specific theories
ontology
epistemology
methods- observations
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24
Q

what is the role of meaning in SIT?

A

meaning can only exist if people share a common interpretation of the symbol that they are using
EXAMPLE: penis emoticon convo with mom

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25
Q

what are the limitations of SIT

A
  • scope: too broad, more of a framework
  • utility: emotions and self-esteem are ignored
  • testability: nominal concepts are hard to test, incapable of falsification
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26
Q

what is the purpose of using the RCQ in constructivism theory?

A

to sample personal constructs

to measure the respondents degree of cognitive complexity

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27
Q

what are constructs in constructivism?

A

contrasting features we use when classifying other people

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28
Q

what are person-centered messages?

A

reflect an awareness of and adaptations to subjective, affective and relational aspects of the communication contexts

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29
Q

what is cognitive complexity?

A

the mental ability to distinguish subtle personality and behavior differences among people

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30
Q

what are the three interpersonal goals?

A

identity: how you want to be seen
relational: what you have to do to maintain a relationship
instrumental: what we want from a relationship (tangible)

31
Q

what are O’Keefe’s design logics

A

expressive: communication as a means of self expression
conventional: communication as a game governed by rules
rhetorical: communication as a negotiation of social realities

32
Q

what are the criticisms of constructivism?

A

total reliane on the RCQ is problematic

33
Q

what are the assumptions of cognitive dissonance theory?

A

1) Humans begin to desire consistency in their cognitions and do not enjoy inconsistencies in their thoughts and beliefs
2) Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies (instead of logical inconsistencies)—arouses cognitive dissonance
3) Dissonance is an aversive state that drivers people to actions with measurable effects
4) Dissonance motivates efforts to achieve consonance and to reduce dissonace

34
Q

what are the factors that influence the magnitude of dissonance?

A

1-degree of importance: how signifiant the issue is

2-dissonance ratio

3-rationale: justify inconsistency

35
Q

what is cognitive dissonance?

A

a feeling of imbalance, when people find themselves doing things that don’t fit what they know

36
Q

what is a consonant relationship?

A

when beliefs are in equilibrium with each other

ex: you believe that world hunger is a problem, so you donate money once a month to contribute to the problem

37
Q

what is a dissonant relationship?

A

beliefs are in disequilibrium with each other.

ex: you believe that homelessness is a serious problem, but don’t do anything about it

38
Q

what is an irrelevant relationship?

A

beliefs don’t have anything to do with each other.

ex: believing that abortion should be illegal and believing that marijuana should be legalized

39
Q

what is heider’s sliding scale of personal causation?

A
  1. Association: relation b/w person & event
  2. Causality: present & effected outcome, no intention of outcome
  3. Justifiability: caused outcome, but with good reason
  4. Forseeability: acting recklessly with intention, no idea about outcome
  5. Intentionality: acting with full intention
40
Q

What are the 3 steps in the attribution process?

A

1) observing the action
2) judgement of the action (heider’s sliding scale)
3) making attribution

41
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error?

A

over emphasize internal causes
(Person got what they deserved)
under emphasize environmental causes

42
Q

what is actor-observer bias?

A

over emphasize situational explanations for our own behavior
(We saw what we did right)
under emphasize dispositional explanations

43
Q

what is the principal of minimal justification?

A

when people convince themselves to do something to reduce the dissonance they felt

44
Q

What is selective exposure

A

seeking consistent information not already present to help reduce dissonance and maintain consistency

45
Q

what is selective attention?

A

looking at consistent information once its there…ignores information that is inconsistent with beliefs

46
Q

what is selective interpretation?

A

interpreting ambiguous information so that it becomes consistent

47
Q

what is selective retention?

A

remembering and learning consistent information more easily than inconsistent information

48
Q

what are the attributional tendencies of actors and observers?

A

actors (those in the event) make external attributions for the event

observers (those not part of the event) make internal attributions for the event

49
Q

what are the 3 kinds to stigma?

A

abominations: physical defects (birthmarks, deaf)
blemishes: character deficits (homelessness)

tribal associations: membership in a religious/ethnic group thats not majority

50
Q

what is the difference between discredited and discreditable identies?

A

discredited is visible

discreditable is invisible

51
Q

what are the effects of attributional ambiguity on those with discredited identities?

A

undermine the affects of positive feedback

protect against the effects of negative feedback

results in stereotype threat

52
Q

what are the effects of attributional ambiguity on those with discreditable identities?

A

causes stress

53
Q

what are the goals of individuals in initial interactions?

A

prediction: forecast your own or others’ behavior
explanation: interpret the meaning of behavioral choices

54
Q

what are the assumptions of uncertainty reduction theory?

A

everyone is uncertain when they meet new people

uncertainty is aversive: we can’t hold on to uncertainity, people don’t like being uncertain

development process that occurs in 3 stages

55
Q

what are the 3 phases of interpersonal communication?

A

entry- interaction is guided by rules and norms

personal- communication is more spontaneous, more personal info

exit- decision about future interactions

56
Q

what is the passive uncertainty reduction strategy?

A

unobtrusive observation of another person in order to reduce uncertainty

57
Q

what is the active strategy for uncertainty reduction?

A

asking other people about that person or observing how that person reacts to a manipulation

58
Q

what is the interactive strategy for uncertainty reduction?

A

observer and actor are in direct or face to face contact

59
Q

what is a positive relationship in uncertainty related theories?

A

uncertainty is high/low & information seeking is high/low

60
Q

what is a negative relationship in uncertainty related thoery?

A

uncertainty is high, information seeking is low

61
Q

what is relational uncertainty?

and its 3 parts

A

lack of certainty about status or future of a relationship

1) self- doubt about participation in relationship
2) partner-doubt about partner participation in relationship
3) relationship-doubt about the relationship as a whole

62
Q

according to the uncertainty management theory what are uncertainty appraisals?

A

we judge meanings based on relevance and likelihood

  • if there are positive emotions then uncertainty is positive
  • if there are negative emotions then uncertainty is negative
  • if there are no emotions then uncertainty is inconsequential
63
Q

what are the strategies for uncertainty management?

A

1- uncertainty as an oppurtunity
2- uncertainty as a threat
3- uncertainty as a chronic condition

64
Q

what are the 2 competing needs for space?

A

affilition: needing to be close to people

personal space: not being close to people

65
Q

what is a primary territory?

and example

A

a persons exclusive domain over an object

your computer

66
Q

what is a secondary territory?

example

A

personal connection to an object

your seat in the classroom, you don’t own it but you feel a connection

67
Q

what is public territory?

example

A

open space for everyone

park, beaches, seats on trains

68
Q

history of deception research?

A

largely experimental in a lab setting

humans are poor lie detectors

69
Q

what are Zuckermans nonverbal deception cues?

A 
increased blinking
large pupils
frequent speech errors
increased speech hesitations
higher voice pitch
increased discrepancies between verbal and non verbal channels
70
Q

what are the conditions under which liars put more effort into planning and control?

A
  • situation is highly interactive
  • participants know each other well
  • deceiver if fearful of discovery
  • deceivers motivation for lying is selfish
71
Q

what is falsifiction?

A

when fiction is created

72
Q

what is equivocation?

A

when the question is dodged

73
Q

what is concealment

A

when you leave stuff out

74
Q

what is leakage?

A

nonverbal cues that signal an internal state

  • people feel bad about lying and show it
  • planning makes messages seem canned
75
Q

what are the proxemic zones?

A

zones of personal space expectations in North America

1) intimite: whisper
2) personal: friends & family
3) social: majority of conversations
4) public: power discrepancy (teacher, president)

COM 230 (3 decks)

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