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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

History of Child Abuse

A

Not a new phenomena
- Ancient Times: children were property of their father
- Code of Hammurabi

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2
Q

Houses of Refuge

A

Conceived as a place of protection for children
- extremely rough prison-like conditions

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3
Q

Child Savers Movement

A

Saving children experiencing poverty and poor parenting
- Instituted mandatory schooling and appropriate parenting standards

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4
Q

What was the leading change agent for how society deals with juveniles?

A

Child Savers Movement

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5
Q

Child abuse is…

A

An act or omission to act

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6
Q

Child Protective Services (CPS)

A

Only state agency allowed to remove children with a court order
- Preponderance of evidence (more likely than not)
- Mandated Reporters (reasonable suspicion in most states is enough)

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7
Q

Features of Neglect

A
  • Medical Treatment Delayed
  • Injuries with no medical explanation
  • Inadequate Supervision
  • Inadequate Food/Shelter/Clothing
  • Poor Hygiene
  • Not enrolled in school
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8
Q

Characteristics of Abuse

A
  • Injury to non-mobile child
  • Protected surfaces injured
  • Multiple injuries in various stages of healing
  • Patterned Injuries
  • Injuries that caregiver cannot explain
  • Explanation not plausible
  • Delay in treatment
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9
Q

Types of Abuse (4)

A

Neglect, Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Abuse

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10
Q

Neglect

A

Failure / refusal to provide care or services for a person when there is an obligation to do so
- action or inaction by caregiver
- educational, abandonment, medical, substance use/abuse

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11
Q

Physical Abuse

A

Use of force or threat of force that may result in bodily injury, physical pain, or impairment

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12
Q

Psychological Abuse

A

Intentional infliction of anguish, pain, or distress designed to control the victim
- verbal or nonverbal
- Ex: witnessing domestic violence

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13
Q

Sexual Abuse

A

Nonconsensual sexual contact of any kind
- sexual contact with a person incapable of consent (minors)

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14
Q

Victim Dynamics

A
  • Infants are the most frequent victims of neglect
  • Children under 1 years old are most likely to be victims of abuse
  • Girls are a higher likelihood than boys
  • Whites have the highest likelihood
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15
Q

Child welfare agencies use ________
of legal evidence when making decisions
to substantiate child abuse and neglect

A

Different Levels
- preponderance of evidence, reasonable evidence, probable cause, etc.

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16
Q

Forms of Sexual Abuse

A
  • Molestation
  • Rape
  • Pornography
  • Forced Prostitution
  • Incest
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17
Q

Incest

A

Any sexual activity between persons who are so closely related that it is illegal
- Childhood sibling: widespread but rarely reported

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18
Q

Symptoms of Sexual Abuse

A
  • Sexual acting out
  • STD
  • Excessive masturbation
  • Unusual interest in / avoidance of all things sexual
  • Sleep problems / nightmares
  • Depression
  • Unusual aggressiveness
  • Suicidal behavior
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19
Q

In the US, at least _____ children are involved in
commercial sexual exploitation

A

100,000

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20
Q

Child Abduction Statistics

A

The use of force / threats were involved in most kidnappings
- Average victims: White girls ages 12 to 17 not living with biological / adoptive parents

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21
Q

The perpetrators of stereotypical kidnappings were usually:

A

Males ages 18 to 35
- White or Black in equal proportions

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22
Q

Child Abduction and Murder

A

Child abductions and murders that are not associated with child abuse and neglect are relatively rare

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23
Q

Fetal Abduction

A

Kidnapping before a fetus is born by the criminal removal of the fetus from the uterus of the pregnant mother

24
Q

Infant Abduction

A

Kidnapping where the infant has been born, is less than 6 months of age

25
Profile of Infant Abductors
- A woman between the ages of 12 and 50 years who is often overweight - Compulsive and often uses manipulation and deceit to gain access - Often indicates she has either lost or cannot have a baby - Lives in, or is familiar with, the community where the abduction occurs - Does not necessarily target a specific infant
26
Missing Children (2 categories)
1. Those who are taken in either familial or non-familial abductions 2. Those who are runaways, throwaways, or otherwise missing children whose whereabouts are unknown to their parent, guardian, or legal custodian
27
Profile of Parental Abductions of Children
- Mothers: more likely to abduct after a court order, more likely to be unemployed - Fathers: more likely to abduct before a court order, more likely to be employed
28
Categories of Non-Familial Child Abductors (4 Types)
Pedophiles, Serial Killers, Profiteers, Childless psychotics
29
_____ are the largest single category of child abductors
Pedophiles
30
AMBER Alert
Created in Texas as an early warning system - Issued after certain criteria is met (Abduction must be confirmed, Child must be at risk of injury or death, Law enforcement needs info about the child, Child must be less than 17 years of age)
31
What is Human Trafficking?
Involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act - Millions of people are trafficked worldwide
32
What are the signs of Human Trafficking?
No one sign - many signs overlap
33
Elements of Human Trafficking
- Forced labor - Controlled or owned by “employer” - Treated as a commodity (dehumanized) - Restraints on freedom
34
Elder Abuse Definition
A single or repeated act / lack of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person - physical, psychological/emotional, sexual, financial, neglect
35
Older adults are the ___ likely to become victims of violent crime in the U.S
Least likely
36
______ typically provides the highest percentage of crime against persons age 65 or older
Property crime
37
Typically, older adult abuse is defined to include individuals who are ___ or ___ years and older
60 or 65
38
All U.S. states have enacted legislation authorizing the use of adult protective services (APS) in cases of elder abuse (True or False)
True
39
Family / Domestic Elder Abuse
Maltreatment by someone who has a special relationship with the older person – Most frequent offender is the child of the victim
40
Institutional Elder Abuse
Abuse of an older adult who lives in a long-term care facility, nursing home, or residential care facility
41
Self-Neglect (self-abuse)
The inability / failure of an elder to adequately care for his or her own needs
42
Forms of Elder Abuse
Abandonment, Physical, Sexual, Emotional, Neglect, & Financial Exploitation
43
Spousal Violence as Elder Abuse
58% of perpetrators of elder sexual abuse were intimate partners - Older women were twice as likely as older men to be killed by their spouses - Many older women have never lived alone / learned independent skills at managing finances
44
Abuse by Adult Children
- Type 1: Adult child is dependent on victim for financial assistance, housing, and other supports - Type 2: Result of caregiver stress caused by the demands of caring for an individual who may suffer from dementia or other illnesses
45
Institutional Abuse
Most vulnerable elderly individuals - 10% of staff members admitted to physical abuse - 40% admitted to psychological abuse
46
Societal Neglect (3 things)
1. Neglectful practices 2. Inadequate resources 3. Poor public policies
47
Factors Associated With Risk of Abuse (4 things)
Physical Impairment, Mental Illness, Cognitive Impairment, Lack of Social Support
48
Elder Abuse Interventions
Education, Mandatory Reporting, Short-Term Emergency Housing, Law Enforcement Training
49
Hate Crimes (Basic Facts)
Rarely occur compared to other types of crime - Victim is a “representative” of prejudiced group (specifically targeted) - Victim targeted because of a perceived attribute that is an essential element of their identity
50
The fundamentals of hate crime also include the _____
Manner in which it causes harm
51
A hate crime must include both ____ & _____
Crime & Hate
52
Hate Crime Definition
Criminal offense committed against person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offenders’ bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin
53
There is no typical offender for Hate Crimes (true or false)
True
54
Hate Crime Offender Trends
Tends to be a young white male who does not come from an impoverished background - Has little to no previous contact with the system and is not part of a hate group
55
Hate Groups
Not major perpetrators of hate crimes - comprised of 2 or more members
56
_____ is the most common Hate Crime motivator
Racial Bias

victimology (3 decks)

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