Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

victimology > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

History of Child Abuse

A

Not a new phenomena
- Ancient Times: children were property of their father
- Code of Hammurabi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Houses of Refuge

A

Conceived as a place of protection for children
- extremely rough prison-like conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Child Savers Movement

A

Saving children experiencing poverty and poor parenting
- Instituted mandatory schooling and appropriate parenting standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the leading change agent for how society deals with juveniles?

A

Child Savers Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Child abuse is…

A

An act or omission to act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Child Protective Services (CPS)

A

Only state agency allowed to remove children with a court order
- Preponderance of evidence (more likely than not)
- Mandated Reporters (reasonable suspicion in most states is enough)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Features of Neglect

A
  • Medical Treatment Delayed
  • Injuries with no medical explanation
  • Inadequate Supervision
  • Inadequate Food/Shelter/Clothing
  • Poor Hygiene
  • Not enrolled in school
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of Abuse

A
  • Injury to non-mobile child
  • Protected surfaces injured
  • Multiple injuries in various stages of healing
  • Patterned Injuries
  • Injuries that caregiver cannot explain
  • Explanation not plausible
  • Delay in treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of Abuse (4)

A

Neglect, Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neglect

A

Failure / refusal to provide care or services for a person when there is an obligation to do so
- action or inaction by caregiver
- educational, abandonment, medical, substance use/abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Physical Abuse

A

Use of force or threat of force that may result in bodily injury, physical pain, or impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Psychological Abuse

A

Intentional infliction of anguish, pain, or distress designed to control the victim
- verbal or nonverbal
- Ex: witnessing domestic violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sexual Abuse

A

Nonconsensual sexual contact of any kind
- sexual contact with a person incapable of consent (minors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Victim Dynamics

A
  • Infants are the most frequent victims of neglect
  • Children under 1 years old are most likely to be victims of abuse
  • Girls are a higher likelihood than boys
  • Whites have the highest likelihood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Child welfare agencies use ________
of legal evidence when making decisions
to substantiate child abuse and neglect

A

Different Levels
- preponderance of evidence, reasonable evidence, probable cause, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Forms of Sexual Abuse

A
  • Molestation
  • Rape
  • Pornography
  • Forced Prostitution
  • Incest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Incest

A

Any sexual activity between persons who are so closely related that it is illegal
- Childhood sibling: widespread but rarely reported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Symptoms of Sexual Abuse

A
  • Sexual acting out
  • STD
  • Excessive masturbation
  • Unusual interest in / avoidance of all things sexual
  • Sleep problems / nightmares
  • Depression
  • Unusual aggressiveness
  • Suicidal behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In the US, at least _____ children are involved in
commercial sexual exploitation

A

100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Child Abduction Statistics

A

The use of force / threats were involved in most kidnappings
- Average victims: White girls ages 12 to 17 not living with biological / adoptive parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The perpetrators of stereotypical kidnappings were usually:

A

Males ages 18 to 35
- White or Black in equal proportions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Child Abduction and Murder

A

Child abductions and murders that are not associated with child abuse and neglect are relatively rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fetal Abduction

A

Kidnapping before a fetus is born by the criminal removal of the fetus from the uterus of the pregnant mother

24
Q

Infant Abduction

A

Kidnapping where the infant has been born, is less than 6 months of age

25
Q

Profile of Infant Abductors

A
  • A woman between the ages of 12 and 50 years who is often overweight
  • Compulsive and often uses manipulation and deceit to gain access
  • Often indicates she has either lost or cannot have a baby
  • Lives in, or is familiar with, the community where the abduction occurs
  • Does not necessarily target a specific infant
26
Q

Missing Children (2 categories)

A
  1. Those who are taken in either familial or non-familial abductions
  2. Those who are runaways, throwaways, or otherwise
    missing children whose whereabouts are unknown to their parent, guardian, or legal custodian
27
Q

Profile of Parental Abductions of Children

A
  • Mothers: more likely to abduct after a court order, more likely to be unemployed
  • Fathers: more likely to abduct before a court order, more likely to be employed
28
Q

Categories of Non-Familial Child Abductors (4 Types)

A

Pedophiles, Serial Killers, Profiteers, Childless psychotics

29
Q

_____ are the largest single category of child abductors

A

Pedophiles

30
Q

AMBER Alert

A

Created in Texas as an early warning system
- Issued after certain criteria is met
(Abduction must be confirmed, Child must be at risk of injury or death, Law enforcement needs info about the child, Child must be less than 17 years of age)

31
Q

What is Human Trafficking?

A

Involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain
some type of labor or commercial sex act
- Millions of people are trafficked worldwide

32
Q

What are the signs of Human Trafficking?

A

No one sign
- many signs overlap

33
Q

Elements of Human Trafficking

A
  • Forced labor
  • Controlled or owned by “employer”
  • Treated as a commodity (dehumanized)
  • Restraints on freedom
34
Q

Elder Abuse Definition

A

A single or repeated act / lack of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person
- physical, psychological/emotional, sexual, financial, neglect

35
Q

Older adults are the ___ likely to become victims of violent crime in the U.S

A

Least likely

36
Q

______ typically provides the highest percentage of crime against persons age 65 or older

A

Property crime

37
Q

Typically, older adult abuse is defined to include individuals who are ___ or ___ years and older

A

60 or 65

38
Q

All U.S. states have enacted legislation authorizing the use of adult protective services (APS) in cases of elder abuse (True or False)

A

True

39
Q

Family / Domestic Elder Abuse

A

Maltreatment by someone who has a special relationship with the older person
– Most frequent offender is the child of the victim

40
Q

Institutional Elder Abuse

A

Abuse of an older adult who lives in a long-term care facility, nursing home, or residential care facility

41
Q

Self-Neglect (self-abuse)

A

The inability / failure of an elder to adequately
care for his or her own needs

42
Q

Forms of Elder Abuse

A

Abandonment, Physical, Sexual, Emotional, Neglect, & Financial Exploitation

43
Q

Spousal Violence as Elder Abuse

A

58% of perpetrators of elder sexual abuse were intimate partners
- Older women were twice as likely as older men to be killed by their spouses
- Many older women have never lived alone / learned independent skills at managing finances

44
Q

Abuse by Adult Children

A
  • Type 1: Adult child is dependent on victim for financial assistance, housing, and other supports
  • Type 2: Result of caregiver stress caused by the demands of caring for an individual who may suffer from dementia or other illnesses
45
Q

Institutional Abuse

A

Most vulnerable elderly individuals
- 10% of staff members admitted to physical abuse
- 40% admitted to psychological abuse

46
Q

Societal Neglect (3 things)

A
  1. Neglectful practices
  2. Inadequate resources
  3. Poor public policies
47
Q

Factors Associated With Risk of Abuse (4 things)

A

Physical Impairment, Mental Illness, Cognitive Impairment, Lack of Social Support

48
Q

Elder Abuse Interventions

A

Education, Mandatory Reporting, Short-Term Emergency Housing, Law Enforcement Training

49
Q

Hate Crimes (Basic Facts)

A

Rarely occur compared to other types of crime
- Victim is a “representative” of prejudiced group (specifically targeted)
- Victim targeted because of a perceived attribute that is an essential element of their identity

50
Q

The fundamentals of hate crime also include the _____

A

Manner in which it causes harm

51
Q

A hate crime must include both ____ & _____

A

Crime & Hate

52
Q

Hate Crime Definition

A

Criminal offense committed against person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offenders’ bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin

53
Q

There is no typical offender for Hate Crimes (true or false)

A

True

54
Q

Hate Crime Offender Trends

A

Tends to be a young white male who does not come from an impoverished background
- Has little to no previous contact with the system and is not part of a hate group

55
Q

Hate Groups

A

Not major perpetrators of hate crimes
- comprised of 2 or more members

56
Q

_____ is the most common Hate Crime motivator

A

Racial Bias

victimology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions