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exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cesare Lobrosos utilized skull patterns and shapes to determine potential atavistic tendencies of criminals. Which criminological theory best describes his work?

A

Positivistic explanations

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2
Q

The phenomenon of double victimization describes a victim who experiences increased costs, including medical expenses, loss of wages, and reduced quality of life as a result of repeat victimization by an offender. True or false?

A

False (CJ system itself / repeat victimization is something different)

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3
Q

Which if the following does not appear to be a primary predictor of who is most likely to become a victim of a crime?

A

Gender

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4
Q

The term crime victim is best described as:

A

A person, organization, or business that has been directly harmed as a result of the commission of an offense

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5
Q

What is the difference between tangible & intangible costs of victimization?

A
  • Tangible: something you can see, feel, etc. (healthcare, property damage)
  • Intangible: emotional effects
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6
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the NIBRS?

A

There are two categories of offenses designated A and B

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7
Q

The Crime Victims Fund in the US is supported by money collected through which of the following?

A

Both Criminal Fines & Forfeited bail bonds

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8
Q

In the initial stages of its development, battered women’s shelters served primarily to:

A

Provide a safe haven for women and children dealing with violent domestic crises

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9
Q

Which of the following is true about the civil justice system?

A

The civil system determines liability by a preponderance of the evidence

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10
Q

Which of the following statements is not true regarding Victim Impact Statements?

A

Researchers have conducted that completing a victim impact statement leads to victim satisfaction of the justice system and increases a victim’s willingness to cooperate with systems in the future

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11
Q

4 Concepts of Victim (Mendelsohn)

A
  1. There has to be suffering
  2. Society recognizes that this person is suffering
  3. We recognize that being a victim comes with its own trauma/baggage (ripple effect)
  4. Feeling of submission
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12
Q

Primary victim

A

a person, organization, or business that has been directly harmed as a result of the commission of an offense

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13
Q

Secondary Victim

A

friends and family of the victim

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14
Q

Tertiary Victim

A

community/environment of the victims

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15
Q

History of Victimology

A

Spiritual explanations, Code of Hammurabi, Mosaic Law (eye for an eye)

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16
Q

Classical Theories

A
  • All men are self-seeking and capable of committing crime
  • Punishment must be used to deter crime but this punishment must be proportional to the crime
  • Antisocial behavior must be controlled
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17
Q

Positivistic Theories

A

human behavior is influenced by uncontrollable outside factors (biological, psychological, social structural)

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18
Q

Strain Theory

A

pressure from social factors (lack of income / education) drives individuals to commit crime

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19
Q

Social Control Theory

A

people’s relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law (social bonds)

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20
Q

Labeling Theory

A

negative labels become self-reinforcing

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21
Q

Victim-Based Theories

A
  • Victim Precipitation
  • Lifestyle Theory
  • Deviant Place Theory
  • Routine Activity Theory
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22
Q

Victim Precipitation

A

The extent to which the victim is responsible for their own victimization

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23
Q

Lifestyle Theory

A

victim’s lifestyle puts them at risk of victimization

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24
Q

Deviant Place Theory

A

focuses on the place, geographic area (some neighborhoods lend to victimization)

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25
Routine Activity Theory
victim’s daily activities affect whether they converge with motivated offender - motivated offender, suitable target, absence of capable guardian
26
Mendelsohns Six Victim Types
1. ideal victim (completely innocent) 2. Victim with minor guilt due to ignorance 3. Victim who is as guilty as the offender, shares equal responsibility 4. Victim who is slightly guiltier (provoker) 5. Exclusively responsible victim 6. The imaginary victim (false allegations)
27
Uniformed Crime Report (UCR)
Most serious crimes committed and assigned to FBI - Part 1: less common and more serious - Part 2: more common and less serious - Hierarchy Rule: only the most serious crime committed during an incident is counted - aggregated
28
Advantages of UCR
- Data are compiled annually from all over the United States - Provides for patterns of crime and criminals
29
Disadvantages of UCR
- Dark Figures of crime not captured (data not reported to police) - Only includes the most serious crime
30
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
First to collect on offenders and victims - Disaggregated (all the incidents) - Data collected on 53 different dimensions - Group A & B
31
National Prisoner Statistics Program (NPS)
Determine the physical capacity, staffing, and programming needs of prison facilities - Census: requires the participation of every prison and correctional facility in the US - Survey: representative sample of facilities and a random sample of inmates drawn from those sample facilities
32
First-Generation Victim Surveys
Targeted 10,000 households and asked them to report on incidents in the past year - URC underreported crime about 50% - President's Commission on Crime in mid-1960s
33
Second-Generation Victim Surveys
Sought to correct problems identified in the first generation surveys - Record Check/ Reverse Record Check / Forward Record Check - 3 months is the longest you can go back to remember before memory decay
34
Third-Generation Victim Surveys
National Crime Survey (NCS) 1972 with 72,000 households - Many of the concerns from the first and second generation surveys were addressed and corrected in this stage
35
Fourth Generation Victim Surveys
Wording, bounding, memory decay were addressed - Heavy redesign of the survey itself - National Crime Victimization Survey, adopted in 1990
36
National Crime Victim Survey
Develop detailed info about the victims and consequences of crimes - given twice a year - identified trends, is not only reported crimes
37
NCVS 2015 Summary of Findings
- Gender: Men were less likely than women to be victims of violent crime & serious violent crime - Age: Persons aged 65 and older had the lowest rate of violent victimization - Location: violent crime was highest in the nations Western states and cities
38
Telescoping
When a respondent includes events from before the reference period
39
Victim’s Rights Movement (Hitsorically)
Historically, victims have not been respected within the CJ system - Victims were responsible for seeking their own justice against offenders - Would seek out family/community/loved-ones
40
Major shift in 1704
Public Prosecutors - Community became viewed as the victim - Punishment is no longer focused on fines but instead incarceration
41
Women’s Movement-Rape Victims
Rape victims were the silent victims of the system until the early 1970’s - Victim-Blaming Mentality - medical procedures with no specialized training
42
Where was the 1st Rape Crisis Center?
Berkely, California
43
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE)
Specially trained nurses that provide 24-hour coverage to sexual assault victims in emergency rooms and non-hospital settings - 1st started in Tennessee
44
Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART)
Multi-Disciplinary Team comprised of all agencies working with the victim - Assist the victim through the system - Increase odds of successful prosecution - Help the victim recover and cope
45
Domestic Violence / Intimate Partner Violence
Accounts for 15% of all violent crime - 1 in 5 women - 1 in 7 males
46
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
1st controlled / randomized test of the effectiveness of arrest for intimate partner violence - mandatory arrest policy - reduced by nearly 50% when the suspect was arrested
47
Victims of Crime Act (VOCA)- 1984
1st major act in the US focusing on victims - Created federal funding opportunities for victim services
48
Crime Victims Bill of Rights (2004)
1st pass of a federal crime victim bill of rights - The right to be reasonably protected from the accused
49
Crime Victims Fund
Funds come entirely from offenders and not from taxpayers (fines, forfeitures, & penalties of offender)
50
Restorative Justice
Seek to understand actions leading to offense - Repair the victim and ensure the offender's actions won't be repeated - Reveal feelings/concerns of all parties (family, friends, victim, the offender, community)
51
Retributive Justice
Victim is simply a witness - the crime is against the state - guilt must be proved & the punishment must be proportional to the crime
52
Criminal System
Judge the guilt or innocence of accused offender - punish / rehabilitate them
53
Civil System
Ensure the rights of individual citizens who have suffered the direct impact of crime - compensation - victim has to initiate the process (all on the victim)
54
Criminal Law
Concerned with actions that are dangerous or harmful to society as a whole - prosecution is done by the state - federalism (power is shared between national & state govts.)
55
District Court
Hear all major civil or criminal cases
56
Federal Court
Have jurisdiction over all cases that violate federal statutes - judicial review
57
Reporting a Crime
1st step in entering the CJ system - what happened, who was involved, where it happened, and when it happened
58
Pressing Charges
The victim is a witness for the state - a criminal act is against the state - suspect must be identified
59
Who decides whether to press charges?
Police
60
Pretrial
Pretrial release Preliminary Hearing (probable cause) Grand Jury
61
Victim Impact Sentencing
Payne vs. Tennessee
62
Restitution
Return or repair of stolen or damaged property - often involves payments
63
Trends in crime
Collected by national surveys - sharp rise in crime after the 1963 into the early 1990s
64
What are the 4 major costs / consequences of crime?
Health-related costs Intangible costs, Direct financial costs Criminal justice costs

victimology (3 decks)

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