FINAL EXAM

Question 1

which muscle contracts to promote urine release

Answer 1

detrusor muscle

Question 2

what is glucosuria and its possible conditions?

Answer 2

glucose in pee

Question 3

What is proteinuria and what are the possible conditions?

Answer 3

protein in urine from: kidney trauma, pregnancy, physical exertion

Question 4

presence of ketones and what are the possible conditions?

Answer 4

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation or low carb diet

Question 5

hematuria and what are possible conditions?

Answer 5

RBC’s from kidney stones, UTI, trauma

Question 6

Presence of hemoglobin in urine and what are possible conditions?

Answer 6

hemolytic anemia, burns, poison, renal disease

Question 7

Nitrites in urine and what are the possible conditions

Answer 7

when bacteria from nitrates = UTI (cloudy)

Question 8

bile pigments in urine and what are the possible conditions

Answer 8

bilirubin from liver/bile duct damage = hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones

Question 9

WBC’s in urine and what are the possible conditions

Answer 9

pus or WBCs = UTI or gonorrhea

Question 10

After ovulation, the corpus luteum produces what hormones?

Answer 10

estrogen and progesterone

Question 11

What does progesterone do the uterus? This thing occurs during which phase of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 11

tells uterus to vascularize and prepare for egg during the luteal phase

Question 12

How long does embryogenesis last?

Answer 12

8-9 weeks

Question 13

What structure has 32-100 blastomeres?

Answer 13

blastocyst

Question 14

during implantation, how do trophoblasts penetrate the endometrium?

Answer 14

adhere and secrete digestive enzymes to destroy endometrium and then multiply

Question 15

What is morphogenesis?

Answer 15

formation of functioning organ systems

Question 15

What cells eventually become the placenta?

Answer 15

trophoblasts

Question 16

What heart defect occurs when vessel between aorta and pulmonary artery doesn’t close?

Answer 16

Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 17

What is the progression of spermatogenesis?

Answer 17

spermatogonia–> spermatocytes–>spermatid–> sperm

Question 18

What are the components of sperm and what do they do?

Answer 18

head - contain DNA and acrosome (digestive enzymes)

midpiece - ATP production

Tail - motor to properl

Question 19

What is the progression of Follicle Development?

Answer 19

primordial follicle (1 oocoyte) –> primary follicle –> secondary follicle ( antrum, theca, folliculi, corona radiata, and zona pellucida) –> Vesicular/mature follicle (2 oocyte) –> ovulation

Question 20

What is a corpus luteum?

Answer 20

no fertilization means rupture follicle = corpus luteum

Question 21

What’s contained within late follicles?

Answer 21

techa folliculi - outer capsule
antrum - fluid-filled
corona radiata - halo of granulosa cells
zona pellucida - membrane

Question 22

When does the Fetus start?

Answer 22

10 weeks

Question 23

When does the full blastocyst come into play (w/ cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts)?

Answer 23

2nd week

Question 23

When do early and late blastocyst come into play?

Answer 23

early blastocyst = 4 days
late blastocyst = 5 days

Question 24

When does the C-shaped embryo exist?

Answer 24

1 month

Question 25

What’s the difference between Patent Foramen Ovale and Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

Answer 25

Foramen Ovale = hole between atriums

Ductus Arteriosus = hole left from baby’s blood flow in womb