FINAL EXAM Flashcards
which muscle contracts to promote urine release
detrusor muscle
what is glucosuria and its possible conditions?
glucose in pee
What is proteinuria and what are the possible conditions?
protein in urine from: kidney trauma, pregnancy, physical exertion
presence of ketones and what are the possible conditions?
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation or low carb diet
hematuria and what are possible conditions?
RBC’s from kidney stones, UTI, trauma
Presence of hemoglobin in urine and what are possible conditions?
hemolytic anemia, burns, poison, renal disease
Nitrites in urine and what are the possible conditions
when bacteria from nitrates = UTI (cloudy)
bile pigments in urine and what are the possible conditions
bilirubin from liver/bile duct damage = hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones
WBC’s in urine and what are the possible conditions
pus or WBCs = UTI or gonorrhea
After ovulation, the corpus luteum produces what hormones?
estrogen and progesterone
What does progesterone do the uterus? This thing occurs during which phase of the ovarian cycle?
tells uterus to vascularize and prepare for egg during the luteal phase
How long does embryogenesis last?
8-9 weeks
What structure has 32-100 blastomeres?
blastocyst
during implantation, how do trophoblasts penetrate the endometrium?
adhere and secrete digestive enzymes to destroy endometrium and then multiply
What is morphogenesis?
formation of functioning organ systems
What cells eventually become the placenta?
trophoblasts
What heart defect occurs when vessel between aorta and pulmonary artery doesn’t close?
Patent ductus arteriosus
What is the progression of spermatogenesis?
spermatogonia–> spermatocytes–>spermatid–> sperm
What are the components of sperm and what do they do?
head - contain DNA and acrosome (digestive enzymes)
midpiece - ATP production
Tail - motor to properl
What is the progression of Follicle Development?
primordial follicle (1 oocoyte) –> primary follicle –> secondary follicle ( antrum, theca, folliculi, corona radiata, and zona pellucida) –> Vesicular/mature follicle (2 oocyte) –> ovulation
What is a corpus luteum?
no fertilization means rupture follicle = corpus luteum
What’s contained within late follicles?
techa folliculi - outer capsule
antrum - fluid-filled
corona radiata - halo of granulosa cells
zona pellucida - membrane
When does the Fetus start?
10 weeks
When does the full blastocyst come into play (w/ cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts)?
2nd week
When do early and late blastocyst come into play?
early blastocyst = 4 days
late blastocyst = 5 days
When does the C-shaped embryo exist?
1 month
What’s the difference between Patent Foramen Ovale and Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
Foramen Ovale = hole between atriums
Ductus Arteriosus = hole left from baby’s blood flow in womb
