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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

artifact

A

when difference appears, but its really due to a confounding variable

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2
Q

socioeconomic status artifact

A

lower ses = worse health
women are more likely to live in poverty p

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3
Q

physician bias (artifact)

A

women’s symptoms are more likely to be dismissed or overlooked
-changes how we perceive symptoms and what we do with them

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4
Q

health behaviors: men

A

men are less likely to engage in preventative health care

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5
Q

men or women are more likely to use sedative drugs?

A

women

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6
Q

men or women are more likely to smoke, drink and use substances

A

men

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7
Q

healthcare for LGBT adults

A

poor health outcomes for LGBT adults

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8
Q

minority stress model

A

minority groups experience stress stemming from experiences of stigma and discrimination

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9
Q

Levant and williams

A

found that conformity negatively predicts positive health behaviors: self-efficacy, positive health behaviors, perceptions of normative health behaviors, conformity to masculine norms

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10
Q

structural social support

A

social relationship
related to better health outcomes for men, weak to possibly even adverse outcomes for women

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11
Q

functional social support

A

type of support
more protective for women

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12
Q

true or false: marriage/ health relationships have positive benefits on both parties

A

true

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13
Q

true and false married women are less likely than single women to die from heart disease, suicide,

A

true

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14
Q

marital selection hypothesis

A

idea that healthier people are “selected” into marriage

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15
Q

deviance

A

deviation form the norm

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16
Q

standard diagnostic tool in the united states

A

DSM 5

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17
Q

distress

A

causes you to get upset, causes negative symptoms

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18
Q

dsyfunction

A

interrupting normal life

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19
Q

danger

A

dangerous acts

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20
Q

who is more likely to internal emotions

A

women

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21
Q

who is more likely to engage in externalization issues

A

men

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22
Q

depression (women)

A

women tend to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder and experience depressive symptoms more than men

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23
Q

DSM 5 criteria

A

at least depressed mood and or diminished interest in all activities, weight loss, weight gain, insomnia, fatigue, suicidal thoughts

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24
Q

artifact theory

A

there is something in the study that is leading to issues in the way we measure depression

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25
Q

clinician bias

A

less likely to label it as depression for men
- women get prescribed therapy and men get medication

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26
Q

response bias

A

being able to recognize symptoms, talk about them, and seek help
- those that are raised towards to masculine norm are less likely to notice or talk about symptoms - more likely in men

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27
Q

women tend to be diagnosed more than men

A
  1. artifact theory
  2. biology
  3. life stress
  4. body image
  5. learned helplessness
  6. coping strategies
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28
Q

biology

A

genes
hormones - testosterone levels
brain differences - women are more likely to respond emotionally to stressors

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29
Q

oxytocin

A

bonding hormone but also stress hormone and make us want to seek out other people

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30
Q

life stress theory

A

women are expected to talk on wider range of roles - make home-related responsibilities

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31
Q

body image and body dissatisfaction theory

A

we place more value on women’s appearance
direct cause of depression

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32
Q

learned helplessness

A

leads to the inability to believe in yourself when you have a control learned helplessness
- occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly

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33
Q

coping strategies

A

rumination vs distraction

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34
Q

exercise and alcohol/ substance use as coping strategies

A

men

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35
Q

less likely to use distraction and rumination

A

women

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36
Q

rumination

A

overthinking, spiraling, get stuck on a topic

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37
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

characterized by low body weight, distorted body image, pursuit of thinness, restriction: fasting, dieting, excessive exercise
- most life threatening

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38
Q

binge eating disorder

A

recurrent binge eating disorde
- high amount of calories well beyond full
- lack of control

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39
Q

differences between anorexia and bullemia

A

low body weight

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40
Q

muscle dysmorphia

A

fear of not being seen as muscular
newly emerging issues with men

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41
Q

are girls or boys more affect by diagnostic bias

A

young girls

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42
Q

what is the biggest issue in diagnosing eating disorders

A

diagnostic bias

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43
Q

causes of eating disorders

A

genetics and physiological

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44
Q

which eating disorder is strongly linked to genetics

A

anorexia

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45
Q

physiological component of eating disorder

A
  1. lack of control
  2. lack of autonomy
  3. lack of sense of self
  4. focus on needs of others
  5. negative body image
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46
Q

societal factors in eating disorders

A
  1. thin ideal
  2. diet culture
  3. media focus
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47
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

high levels of instability in mood
- high levels of splitting - either really good mood or really bad

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48
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

highly dramatic/ theatric
- really big personality and have a hard time not being center of attention

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49
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

people cant make decisions on their own, cant be alone, cling to people, and more internalizing than borderline
- need to be in relationships

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50
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

believe that they are better than others

  • tend to take advantage of others because they believe they are deserving
  • CEO
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51
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

no remorse for hurting others, lack of guilt or anxiety over harming others
-more likely to be diagnosed with criminal behavior or physical behaviors are present

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52
Q

what personality disorders are men more likely to be diagnosed with

A

anti-social and narcissistic

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53
Q

what personality disorders are women more likely to be diagnosed with

A

dependent, histrionic and borderline

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53
Q

men and mental health

A

substance use
depression is expressed differently
less likely to seek help
higher penalty for not meeting masculine norms

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54
Q

who is more likely to die by suicide

A

men - more lethality

54
Q

who is more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD

A

men

55
Q

3 types of of ADHD

A
  1. primarily inattentive type - hard to stay focused
  2. primarily hyperactive type - difficulty controlling impulses or staying on task
  3. both
56
Q

girls are more likely diagnosed with what type of adhd

A

primarily inattentive type

57
Q

boys are more likely diagnosed with that type of adhd

A

primarily hyperactive type

58
Q

girls are more associated with ____ in adhd

A

depression

59
Q

boys are more associated with ____ in adhd

A

externalizing

60
Q

conforming to masculine norms is related to

A

decreased help seeking
increased substance use
lower relationship satisfaction
higher resilience, higher autonomy, higher endurance (hammer and good)

61
Q

gender role conflict

A

a psychological state in which socialized gender roles have negative consequences on the person or others

62
Q

examples of gender role conflict

A
  1. success, power, competition
  2. restrictive emotionality = expectations to restrict emotions
  3. restrictive sexual and affectionate behavior between men
  4. conflict between work and family members
63
Q

men and therapy

A
  • benefit just as much
  • seek prescriptions instead of therapy
  • usually mandated
64
Q

alexithymia

A

lack of emotional vocabulary

65
Q

hammer and vogue

A

wanted to see if they could be better at getting men into therapy
- handed out brochures
-

66
Q

how to get men to seek therapy

A

gender sensitivity therapy
increase hands-on activities
change language - less therapy talk

67
Q

enacted stigma

A

actual expectations of stigma from external

68
Q

felt stigma

A

internalized/ picking up other stigmas and expectations of the unknown identity

69
Q

protective factor or mental health

A

resilience

70
Q

things protecting from distress in trans folks

A

identifying pride and social support

71
Q

things contributing to distress in trans folk

A

enacted and felt stigma
race, age, education and income
investment in passing

72
Q

paid work

A

employment for which one receives monetary compensation

73
Q

unpaid work

A

household chores, childcare, errands

74
Q

why is paid work associated with better mental health

A

increases self esteem, accomplishment, and social context
increases sense of control both over personal circumstances and over financial resources

75
Q

role scarcity hypothesis

A

because we have a finite resources (energy, time, headspace) to devote to our tasks, balancing multiple roles has a negative effect on our health

76
Q

role overload

A

we dont have enough resources to give

77
Q

role conflict

A

you could have enough resources but there is conflict between relationships

78
Q

role expansion hypothesis

A

taking on multiple roles is beneficial - gives variety and is important to our identity
- better than role scarcity hypothesis

79
Q

stress buffering

A

not putting all your eggs in one basket

80
Q

3 kinds of tension for dual earner incomes

A
  1. partners have different ideas about who should do what in paid and unpaid work
  2. partner wants traditional roles but can’t financially afford it
  3. partners are both heavily involved in their work outside of the home that they devolve family responsibilities to justify time not spent on them
81
Q

mother blaming

A

when poor outcomes for children happen the mother is blamed

82
Q

mother mandate

A

you want children and if you don’t you need a good reason for it

83
Q

treatment discrimination

A

occurs in reduced salaries, reduced opportunities for promotion fir promotion

84
Q

access to discrimination

A

occurs when hiring decisions are made
- not hiring because gender, race, sexuality ect

85
Q

glass ceiling

A

invisible barriers women and people of marginalized groups face when trying to advance to higher-level positions.

86
Q

glass escalator

A

men in more traditional feminine fields are met with more judgement

87
Q

glass cliff

A

when a company is failing and needs leadership they are more likely to bring in people of color or minority groups to change it up and more likely to make it look like it was their fault

88
Q

sticky floor

A

harder to get out of low-paying

89
Q

mass-Racusin resume study

A

resumes with girl names were less hirable, less competent, less likely to want to mentor them

90
Q

augentic communication style

A

taking personal credit
“I did this”

91
Q

communal communication style

A

” my team did this”

92
Q

what communication style is more hirable and in what gender

A

autogenic and men

93
Q

what communication styles has more social skill and in what gender

A

communal and women

94
Q

Milkmen study

A

emailed professors asking about graduate schools
- almost all fields favored white men’s response rates

95
Q

denial of discrimination/disadvantage

A

women generally do not see themselves as victims of discrimination, but perceive that other women are discriminated against

96
Q

social comparison theory

A

women are often compare salary to the salaries of other women and feel okay about it
- when comparing to men - they feel less ok

97
Q

gender wage gap

A

80c to the dollar - women to men

98
Q

explanations for the wage gap

A
  1. education and occupational segregation
  2. occupational feminization
  3. mother hood penalty
  4. salary neogatation
  5. discrimination
99
Q

motherhood penalty

A

tend to be penalized more for potentially becoming a mother later on in life

100
Q

who is less likely to be promoted

A

girls

101
Q

quid pro quo

A

expectations of sexual act/ activity
- if you dont go on a date with me i wont give you a promotion

102
Q

hostile environmment

A

creating an environment that isnt comfortable

103
Q

3 levels of sexual harassment

A
  1. gender harassment
  2. unwanted sexual attention
  3. sexual coercion
104
Q

fabrication/ exaggeration

A

someone is exaggerating or lying about sexual harassment

105
Q

ulterior motives

A

people lie about sexual harassment to get someone in trouble for the gain

106
Q

natural heterosexuality

A

assumes that most people are heterosexual

107
Q

victim responsilibity

A

blaming the victim in some way

108
Q

sexual harassment myths

A
  1. fabrication
  2. ulterior motives
  3. natural heterosexuality
  4. victim responsiblity
109
Q

romantic love

A

intense attachments formed between people who are in love

110
Q

what is experience similarly between all genders

A
  1. neurological reactions - areas of the brain light up when in love
  2. passion of love - physiological energy levels are the same
  3. idealizing a partner - see the good and down play the bad
  4. well- being associated with a partnership
111
Q

who has a more pragmatic view of love

A

women

112
Q

who has a more romantic view of love

A

men

113
Q

who falls in love faster

A

men

114
Q

traditional romantic ideology

A

beliefs and schemas that we have around love

115
Q

scripts

A

cognitive schema or representation of certain events
- tend to be gendered for heterosexual relationships
- research has suggested for these scripts are less clear for same sex relationships

116
Q

who is expected to be more romantic, decision maker, pushes the relationship moves forward

A

men

117
Q

emotional investment

A

self-perception of being loving, loveable, romantic, affectionate, cuddlesome, compassionate and passionate

118
Q

physical infidelity

A

physically cheating

119
Q

emotional infidelity

A

emotionally cheating

119
Q

limitations in sexual research

A
  1. it’s private 2. embarrassment 3. taboo
120
Q

2 strategies for data acquirement in sex

A

survey methods and observational methods

121
Q

kinseys survey

A

worded questions differently to be more accepting when research sex

122
Q

speecher and hatefeild

A

most people are ok with sex in a relationship
men are ok with it on the first date

123
Q

kreager and staff high school study

A

boys that had more partners were more popular than girls if they had the same amount

124
Q

traditional sexual roles in women

A

lower condom use
more of an exchange relationship to sex
rape culture

125
Q

hypermasculinity in men

A

unprotected sex
sexual autonomy
high number of sexual partners

126
Q

objectification theory

A

women are often portrayed in ways that emphasize women’s body - portrayed more in sexual ways

127
Q

body survelience

A

women are aware of their body at any given moment

128
Q

health risks of body survelience

A

disordered eating an depression

129
Q

physiological consequences of body survelience

A

increased shame and anxiety and decreased peak motivational effects

130
Q

self objectification theory for women - research

A

try on swimsuit and did worse on cognitive test

131
Q

types of sex ed

A

abstinence-only sex-ed
abstinence- plus sex ed
comprehensive sex ed

132
Q

what form of sex ed is the most effective

A

comprehensive sex ed

gender (3 decks)

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