final exam Flashcards
artifact
when difference appears, but its really due to a confounding variable
socioeconomic status artifact
lower ses = worse health
women are more likely to live in poverty p
physician bias (artifact)
women’s symptoms are more likely to be dismissed or overlooked
-changes how we perceive symptoms and what we do with them
health behaviors: men
men are less likely to engage in preventative health care
men or women are more likely to use sedative drugs?
women
men or women are more likely to smoke, drink and use substances
men
healthcare for LGBT adults
poor health outcomes for LGBT adults
minority stress model
minority groups experience stress stemming from experiences of stigma and discrimination
Levant and williams
found that conformity negatively predicts positive health behaviors: self-efficacy, positive health behaviors, perceptions of normative health behaviors, conformity to masculine norms
structural social support
social relationship
related to better health outcomes for men, weak to possibly even adverse outcomes for women
functional social support
type of support
more protective for women
true or false: marriage/ health relationships have positive benefits on both parties
true
true and false married women are less likely than single women to die from heart disease, suicide,
true
marital selection hypothesis
idea that healthier people are “selected” into marriage
deviance
deviation form the norm
standard diagnostic tool in the united states
DSM 5
distress
causes you to get upset, causes negative symptoms
dsyfunction
interrupting normal life
danger
dangerous acts
who is more likely to internal emotions
women
who is more likely to engage in externalization issues
men
depression (women)
women tend to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder and experience depressive symptoms more than men
DSM 5 criteria
at least depressed mood and or diminished interest in all activities, weight loss, weight gain, insomnia, fatigue, suicidal thoughts
artifact theory
there is something in the study that is leading to issues in the way we measure depression
clinician bias
less likely to label it as depression for men
- women get prescribed therapy and men get medication
response bias
being able to recognize symptoms, talk about them, and seek help
- those that are raised towards to masculine norm are less likely to notice or talk about symptoms - more likely in men
women tend to be diagnosed more than men
- artifact theory
- biology
- life stress
- body image
- learned helplessness
- coping strategies
biology
genes
hormones - testosterone levels
brain differences - women are more likely to respond emotionally to stressors
oxytocin
bonding hormone but also stress hormone and make us want to seek out other people
life stress theory
women are expected to talk on wider range of roles - make home-related responsibilities
body image and body dissatisfaction theory
we place more value on women’s appearance
direct cause of depression
learned helplessness
leads to the inability to believe in yourself when you have a control learned helplessness
- occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly
coping strategies
rumination vs distraction
exercise and alcohol/ substance use as coping strategies
men
less likely to use distraction and rumination
women
rumination
overthinking, spiraling, get stuck on a topic
anorexia nervosa
characterized by low body weight, distorted body image, pursuit of thinness, restriction: fasting, dieting, excessive exercise
- most life threatening
binge eating disorder
recurrent binge eating disorde
- high amount of calories well beyond full
- lack of control
differences between anorexia and bullemia
low body weight
muscle dysmorphia
fear of not being seen as muscular
newly emerging issues with men
are girls or boys more affect by diagnostic bias
young girls
what is the biggest issue in diagnosing eating disorders
diagnostic bias
causes of eating disorders
genetics and physiological
which eating disorder is strongly linked to genetics
anorexia
physiological component of eating disorder
- lack of control
- lack of autonomy
- lack of sense of self
- focus on needs of others
- negative body image
societal factors in eating disorders
- thin ideal
- diet culture
- media focus
borderline personality disorder
high levels of instability in mood
- high levels of splitting - either really good mood or really bad
histrionic personality disorder
highly dramatic/ theatric
- really big personality and have a hard time not being center of attention
dependent personality disorder
people cant make decisions on their own, cant be alone, cling to people, and more internalizing than borderline
- need to be in relationships
narcissistic personality disorder
believe that they are better than others
- tend to take advantage of others because they believe they are deserving
- CEO
antisocial personality disorder
no remorse for hurting others, lack of guilt or anxiety over harming others
-more likely to be diagnosed with criminal behavior or physical behaviors are present
what personality disorders are men more likely to be diagnosed with
anti-social and narcissistic
what personality disorders are women more likely to be diagnosed with
dependent, histrionic and borderline
men and mental health
substance use
depression is expressed differently
less likely to seek help
higher penalty for not meeting masculine norms
who is more likely to die by suicide
men - more lethality
who is more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD
men
3 types of of ADHD
- primarily inattentive type - hard to stay focused
- primarily hyperactive type - difficulty controlling impulses or staying on task
- both
girls are more likely diagnosed with what type of adhd
primarily inattentive type
boys are more likely diagnosed with that type of adhd
primarily hyperactive type
girls are more associated with ____ in adhd
depression
boys are more associated with ____ in adhd
externalizing
conforming to masculine norms is related to
decreased help seeking
increased substance use
lower relationship satisfaction
higher resilience, higher autonomy, higher endurance (hammer and good)
gender role conflict
a psychological state in which socialized gender roles have negative consequences on the person or others
examples of gender role conflict
- success, power, competition
- restrictive emotionality = expectations to restrict emotions
- restrictive sexual and affectionate behavior between men
- conflict between work and family members
men and therapy
- benefit just as much
- seek prescriptions instead of therapy
- usually mandated
alexithymia
lack of emotional vocabulary
hammer and vogue
wanted to see if they could be better at getting men into therapy
- handed out brochures
-
how to get men to seek therapy
gender sensitivity therapy
increase hands-on activities
change language - less therapy talk
enacted stigma
actual expectations of stigma from external
felt stigma
internalized/ picking up other stigmas and expectations of the unknown identity
protective factor or mental health
resilience
things protecting from distress in trans folks
identifying pride and social support
things contributing to distress in trans folk
enacted and felt stigma
race, age, education and income
investment in passing
paid work
employment for which one receives monetary compensation
unpaid work
household chores, childcare, errands
why is paid work associated with better mental health
increases self esteem, accomplishment, and social context
increases sense of control both over personal circumstances and over financial resources
role scarcity hypothesis
because we have a finite resources (energy, time, headspace) to devote to our tasks, balancing multiple roles has a negative effect on our health
role overload
we dont have enough resources to give
role conflict
you could have enough resources but there is conflict between relationships
role expansion hypothesis
taking on multiple roles is beneficial - gives variety and is important to our identity
- better than role scarcity hypothesis
stress buffering
not putting all your eggs in one basket
3 kinds of tension for dual earner incomes
- partners have different ideas about who should do what in paid and unpaid work
- partner wants traditional roles but can’t financially afford it
- partners are both heavily involved in their work outside of the home that they devolve family responsibilities to justify time not spent on them
mother blaming
when poor outcomes for children happen the mother is blamed
mother mandate
you want children and if you don’t you need a good reason for it
treatment discrimination
occurs in reduced salaries, reduced opportunities for promotion fir promotion
access to discrimination
occurs when hiring decisions are made
- not hiring because gender, race, sexuality ect
glass ceiling
invisible barriers women and people of marginalized groups face when trying to advance to higher-level positions.
glass escalator
men in more traditional feminine fields are met with more judgement
glass cliff
when a company is failing and needs leadership they are more likely to bring in people of color or minority groups to change it up and more likely to make it look like it was their fault
sticky floor
harder to get out of low-paying
mass-Racusin resume study
resumes with girl names were less hirable, less competent, less likely to want to mentor them
augentic communication style
taking personal credit
“I did this”
communal communication style
” my team did this”
what communication style is more hirable and in what gender
autogenic and men
what communication styles has more social skill and in what gender
communal and women
Milkmen study
emailed professors asking about graduate schools
- almost all fields favored white men’s response rates
denial of discrimination/disadvantage
women generally do not see themselves as victims of discrimination, but perceive that other women are discriminated against
social comparison theory
women are often compare salary to the salaries of other women and feel okay about it
- when comparing to men - they feel less ok
gender wage gap
80c to the dollar - women to men
explanations for the wage gap
- education and occupational segregation
- occupational feminization
- mother hood penalty
- salary neogatation
- discrimination
motherhood penalty
tend to be penalized more for potentially becoming a mother later on in life
who is less likely to be promoted
girls
quid pro quo
expectations of sexual act/ activity
- if you dont go on a date with me i wont give you a promotion
hostile environmment
creating an environment that isnt comfortable
3 levels of sexual harassment
- gender harassment
- unwanted sexual attention
- sexual coercion
fabrication/ exaggeration
someone is exaggerating or lying about sexual harassment
ulterior motives
people lie about sexual harassment to get someone in trouble for the gain
natural heterosexuality
assumes that most people are heterosexual
victim responsilibity
blaming the victim in some way
sexual harassment myths
- fabrication
- ulterior motives
- natural heterosexuality
- victim responsiblity
romantic love
intense attachments formed between people who are in love
what is experience similarly between all genders
- neurological reactions - areas of the brain light up when in love
- passion of love - physiological energy levels are the same
- idealizing a partner - see the good and down play the bad
- well- being associated with a partnership
who has a more pragmatic view of love
women
who has a more romantic view of love
men
who falls in love faster
men
traditional romantic ideology
beliefs and schemas that we have around love
scripts
cognitive schema or representation of certain events
- tend to be gendered for heterosexual relationships
- research has suggested for these scripts are less clear for same sex relationships
who is expected to be more romantic, decision maker, pushes the relationship moves forward
men
emotional investment
self-perception of being loving, loveable, romantic, affectionate, cuddlesome, compassionate and passionate
physical infidelity
physically cheating
emotional infidelity
emotionally cheating
limitations in sexual research
- it’s private 2. embarrassment 3. taboo
2 strategies for data acquirement in sex
survey methods and observational methods
kinseys survey
worded questions differently to be more accepting when research sex
speecher and hatefeild
most people are ok with sex in a relationship
men are ok with it on the first date
kreager and staff high school study
boys that had more partners were more popular than girls if they had the same amount
traditional sexual roles in women
lower condom use
more of an exchange relationship to sex
rape culture
hypermasculinity in men
unprotected sex
sexual autonomy
high number of sexual partners
objectification theory
women are often portrayed in ways that emphasize women’s body - portrayed more in sexual ways
body survelience
women are aware of their body at any given moment
health risks of body survelience
disordered eating an depression
physiological consequences of body survelience
increased shame and anxiety and decreased peak motivational effects
self objectification theory for women - research
try on swimsuit and did worse on cognitive test
types of sex ed
abstinence-only sex-ed
abstinence- plus sex ed
comprehensive sex ed
what form of sex ed is the most effective
comprehensive sex ed
