exam 2 Flashcards
patriarchy
exists when men are primarily power holders within a society
forms of power
economic,political, food/ material, physical, reproductive
privledge
unearned advantages are given to someone based solely on their group membership
-as general concept, who has privilege is based on who hods the power in society
components of privilege
- often operates outside of awareness
- renders multiple oppressed identities as invisible
ABC
affective component:
behavior component: discrimination
cognitive component: stereotypes
affect
emotions
behavior
discrimination
cognitive
stereotypes
prejudice
takes the form of sexism when discussing gender-related prejudice
sexism as as an institutional concept goes against those
with less power
ambivalent sexism
argues that hostile and benevolent sexism are, not conflicting but complementary ideologies that present a resolution to the gender relationship paradox.
hostile sexism
negative views toward individuals who violate traditional gender roles.
benevolent sexism
prosocial treatment of women who fulfill traditional gender roles.
traditional sexism
reflects the idea that men are superior to women
modern sexism
denial that sexism even exists
- denial of women experiences
why modern sexism is a problem
denial of continued discrimination against women, antagonism toward women’s demands, and lack of support for policies designed to help women.
-because traditional and modern sexism tend to be related
problems with benevolent sexism
- relates to hostile sexism
- both age-related to higher levels of gender inequality
- worse for womens cognitive performance
- related to views of competence
- unique contributions to body dissatisfaction
- impacts value of rape and harassment
discrimination
involves differential treatment of someone based purely on gender
- goes against anyone of any gender often subtle
legality issues
discrimination on the basis of sex is illegal
- laws on this are murky
- laws against transgender folks are even murkier
stereotypes
features we assume belong to a person based on their gender
elaboration
breaking down into subcategories that fit the overarching stereotypes
encapsulation
subgroups that don’t fit traditional norms
evaluation
going over it/we judge it as a category
masculine traits
adventurous, dominate, forceful, independent, strong, aggressive autocratic, daring, stern, active
feminine traits
sentimental, sensitive, submissive, affectionate, dreamy
explicit stereotypes
the ones you are aware of that you know you have
implicit stereotypes
ones that you arent aware that you hold
implicit association test
based on how quickly and easily you pair things together
- women linked with more favorable attitudes than men and to be more nurturing or lower power positions than men
racialized stereotypes
gender stereotypes content differs based on race
- often leads to behaviors designed to counteract stereotypes
- experienced may not be understood by all people of that gender of that race
self stereotypes
occurs when we apply a stereotype to ourselves that otherwise might not apply
confirmation bias
we tend to pay attention to information that confirms our stereotypes and ignore/dismiss information that disconfirms our stereotypes
biased influences
we tend to “fit in” gender-stereotypical information even when it doesn’t always fit
correspondent interference theory
attributions of things
- similar to biased inferences - a type of filling in the gap
- we make attributions for different types of behaviors
situational attributions
behavioral is attributed to environment
prescriptive stereotypes and the black lash effect model
behaving against stereotypes may result in “blacklash”
or social penalty
stereotypes disconfirmed most noticed when
- if clear and measurable trait
- if positive traits are disconfirmed
- if the person is otherwise a good “match” for the category
stereotypes and memory
impacts what we attend to, encode, and retrieve
- shapes what we pay attention to and what we commit to memory and how we retrieve it
self-fulfilling prophecy
- unfounded assumption
- behavior elicits the outcome
- outcome comes true
- i assume i was right
stereotype threat
happens when we find a negative stereotype with in our group and we can either confirm or deny it
- causes anxiety and confirm stereotype
stereotype threat facilitates
- group identity
- numerical minority status
- stereotype salience
- evaluate component
what reduces the impact of stereotype threat
- calling a task something else
-stating that there’s no difference in performance
-teaching about stereotype - self affirmation
-positive same gender role models
proscriptions
the thing you dont want to be
media impact
impacts our view of what the world “should” be
women in facualty
women in faculty are perceived to be less competent and less hirable
self obligation theory
relationship between media and body image and you start to think about your appearance
relationship between media and violence
violent social media leads to more aggression in people
third person effect
idea that we often assume that others are more impacted from media then we are
effect size
0.2 - small
0.5 - medium
0.8 - large
weakness in meta-analysis
only as strong as the studies that are in them
- self report issues
- experimental problems
- measurement issues
- doesn’t always take into account “moderators”
file drawer problem
journals are more likely to publish differences instead of no difference/effect
interests
what do you like to do]
- people of different genders may have different academic field and career interests
cognitive ability
what can you do
achievement
what do you do
RIASEC model 6 interest areas
- realistic
- investigative
- artistic
- social
- enterprising
- conventional
realistic
mechanical, hands on
- men deminated
investigative
scientific, solve, analyze problems
- male dominated
artistic
arts, creative, music, writing
- women dominated
social
working w people and helping people
- women dominated
enterprising
buisness
- no difference
conventional
organizing work, routine work with high level of predictablity
- women dominated
standford binet intelligence test
developed in 1916 for US use
wechsler adult intelligence scale
currently used IQ test
verbal tests
information, verbal reasoning, vocabulary comprehension
performance subtests
picture completion, coding, picture arrangements, book design, object assembly
spatial tasks
refers to the ability to think and reason using mental images rather than words
mental rotation and accuracy hitting a target is greater in
men
navigation uses landscape is greater in
women
verbal skills - women
they learn to talk earlier than boys have larger vocabularies, better grammar, better readers
achievement: college
women attend college more than men
- tend to pursue different fields
what mindset is better for learning
growth
null environment hypothesis
girls arent encouraged to go into felids that are usually mixed genders
self fulfilling prophecy
- assumption
- behavior
- assumption comes true
- we believe we were right
expectancy / value model of acheivement
we are socialized to value different things based on gender
impact of representation
-representation in role models
- representation in materials
- representation in research
self report data problems
people arent always aware or honest about their emotions
retrospective reporting
individuals are asked to characterize their subjective well-being or emotions in the past or in general.
encoding emotions
attention to emotional events in relationships
- less likely to suppress emotions - they become less relevant and you forget about them
theory of constructed emotion
affective states are similar across people
- we label those based on our enviroment
- predictions of affective states from cues in our enviroment
minority stress and resilience theory
trans and gender nonconformity folks
- constant stress of coming out or concealing identity
interpreting emotions
women are better at interpreting emotions than men
internal/dispositional
something about us as a person that is leading to behavior in a certain way
external/situational
something about the situation or environment that is leading to behavior certain way
who is more likely to give more internal/dispositional attributions
women
who is more likely to give more external/situational attributions
men
where do women feel pressured to not be emotional in
the workplace
direct aggression
aggression directed to specific person or target
indirect aggression
passive, subtle, stuff that harms person but doesn’t directly harm them
relational agression
trying to harm people in terms of their reputation or relationship between you or others
-silent treatment
how many mass shootings are classified as gender-based mass shootings
1/3
intimate partner violence
abuse that occurs within a romantic relationship
domestic violence
violence within a given household
who is at a higher risk for IPV
trans, non binary people
intimate terrorism
rooted in the need for control
situational couple violence
rooted in the situation
- occasional episodes of violent behavior precipitated by stressful events
gaslighting
making someone feel crazy
causes of IPV
traditional gender roles
more common in younger couples
could be linked to power
could also be linked to distorted perception with acceptable interactions
difficulty regulating emotions
how many women and men experience rape
1 in 5 women and 1 in 75 in men
problems with collecting data for rape
underreported in people of all genders
means by which data is collected
who is collecting the data
unacknowledged rape
rape and sexual assault reporting
estimated that rape is one of the most underreported crimes to police
common myths
the victim wanted to be raped, the perp is usually a stranger, rate of false reports are high, rape is act of sexual desire
potential impact of sexual assault
depression, ptsd, anxiety, sexual concerns, suicidal thoughts, relational difficulties
social factors of aggression
social learning theory
=modeling, media influence
biological factors of aggression
testosterone
