Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Concurrent Schedule

A

Subject chooses to respond to one of two keys, each with a different schedule. ex) variable interval 60 sec and fixed ratio 10 - then measure how the subject distributes attention.

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2
Q

Matching Law

A

Relative rate of responding on a particular response alternate = the relative rate of reinforcement for that alternative. ex) Vollmer _ Bourret (2000): The matching law predicts that the proportion of shots taken from 3-point range should match the proportional reinforcement rate produced by such shots.

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3
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

A range of treatments and techniques which are used to change an individual’s maladaptive responses to specific situations.

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4
Q

Choice With Commitment

A

Can’t alternate back and forth between choices of reinforcement schedules. Pigeons prefer variable ratio over fixed ratio.

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5
Q

Self Control

A

Preference for a large-delayed reward over a small immediate reward. ex) Drug addiction + ADHD

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6
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between two stimuli. ex) Ordering a dish at one restaurant because you know that other restaurants don’t offer that same menu item

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7
Q

Differential Responding

A

Responding in different ways or at different rates in the presence of different stimuli.

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8
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Responding in similar ways or at the same rates in the presence of a different stimuli. ex) Dog trained to drool at clicking noise may also drool at similar noises.

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9
Q

Creating Stimulus Generalization Through Therapy

A

1) Equalize treatment situation and natural environment
2)Conduct treatment in new settings
3)Use exemplars (use many different stimuli)
4)Condition new responses to stimuli that are common to various situations
5) Make training incidental to other activities (If child pays attention to a specific toy, use this to help teach a behavior).
6) Once a response is acquired through training, the behavior can be maintained by naturally available reinforcers.

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10
Q

Factors that influence whether a stimulus controls behavior

A

1) Sensory capacity + orientation (dogs and sensitive hearing)
2) Ease of conditioning (more intense stimulus will control responding)
3) Type of instrumental response

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11
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Delivery of an aversive stimulus. ex) spanking for bad behavior

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12
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Omission or loss of a positive reinforcer. ex) getting a time out

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13
Q

Intrinsic Punishment

A

A behavior that is inherently punishing on its own. ex) exercising, going to class

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14
Q

Extrinsic Punishment

A

Punishment that follows a behavior. ex) Drinking and getting hung over later, getting an F on a paper

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15
Q

Problems with Punishment

A

1) Punishment of inappropriate behavior does not strengthen occurrence of correct behavior
2) The person applying punishment could become a discriminative stimulus meaning unwanted behavior would only be suppressed in the presence of that person
3) Punishment might teach avoidance of the punisher
4) Punishment elicits a strong emotional response which overrides learning
5) Punishment can elicit aggression
6) Teaches that punishment is an acceptable means of conditioning behavior - child abuse
7) Punishment reinforces the person using it because it produces immediate effects

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16
Q

Benefits of Punishment

A

1) Punishment can sometimes lead to an increase in social behavior
2) Punishment sometimes leads to improvement in mood
3) Punishment can increase attention to environment

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17
Q

Effective Use of Punishment

A

1) Make it immediate
2) Should follow each occurrence of unwanted behavior initially
3) Should be intense enough to suppress the target behavior
4) Negative punishment is preferable to positive punishment
5) Accompanied with an explanation if possible
6) Combine with positive reinforcement of appropriate behavior

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18
Q

Conditioned Suppression

A

Punishment does not weaken behavior, but produces an emotional reaction that interferes with the occurrence of the behavior

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19
Q

Avoidance

A

The avoidance response consists of any behavior other than the behavior being punished, thus punishment does not weaken behavior

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20
Q

Premack Approach

A

A low probability behavior can be used to punish a high probability behavior. ex) having to run a mile for eating outside of your diet.

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21
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning that occurs when an observer watches a model’s behavior and changes their own behavior accordingly

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22
Q

Bandura and Bobo the clown

A

Children who watched a video of an adult beating up a Bobo doll would make them more likely to do the same

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23
Q

Vicarious emotional conditioning

A

Learning of emotional responses by seeing emotional responses of others. ex) fear and disgust reactions which are important for survival.

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24
Q

Advertising and Vicarious Emotion

A

Exaggerated happy faces used in advertisement. Positive emotions are associated with what they are trying to sell.

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25
Q

Vicarious Emotional Conditioning and Higher Order Conditioning

A

Vicarious Emotional Conditioning is an example of higher order classical conditioning. ex)
CS2: Bear -> CS1: Look of fear in others -> US: Scary event

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26
Q

Observational Learning - Acquisition

A

Paying attention to the behavior of the model. We are more likely to pay attention if:
1) Model behavior achieves a desirable goal
2) We got reinforced for paying attention to the model
3) We can understand and duplicate the behavior
4) The model is someone who resembles us or we respect/admire.

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27
Q

Observational Learning - Performance

A

Actually doing the behavior:
1) More likely to perform if we saw the model getting reinforced
2) We are less likely to perform if we saw a model get punished
3) More likely to perform if we get reinforced or less likely if we get punished
4) Learning history - ex) when it is appropriate to swear

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28
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Stores a limited amount of information for no more than about 30 seconds without rehearsing it

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29
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Stores a seemingly unlimited amount of information potentially for a lifetime.

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30
Q

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

A

Facts or Events:
1) Episodic - when and where of life happenings (autobiographical memory)
2) Semantic - Knowledge about the world like facts

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31
Q

Implicit (Non-Declarative) Memory

A

No conscious recollection of memory. ex) motor skills

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32
Q

Sensory Memories

A

Last up to several seconds:
1) Echoic - Auditory Memories
2) Iconic - Visual Memories

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33
Q

Encoding

A

Process of getting information into the brain’s memory system:
1) Automatic
2) Effortful

34
Q

Rehearsal

A

Amount learned = time spent learning

35
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Rehearsal works best when spaced out

36
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Tendency to forget things in the middle of a list

37
Q

Encoding Strategies

A

1) Meaning - Think of examples that are personally meaningful
2) Imagery - Mental images help us remember better
3) Chunking - Condensing large amounts of information into something smaller (acronyms)
4) Hierarchies

38
Q

Storage - Semantic Network Theory

A

Items of knowledge are interconnected in the brain. ex) chair and table

39
Q

Storage - Long Term Potentiation

A

Increase in synaptic efficiency. RNA synthesis increases during learning. ex) enriched rats have neurons better prepared to learn

40
Q

Where is memory stored

A

Memory is stored all around the brain and not in a single area

41
Q

Retrieval - Distinctiveness

A

Flashbulb memories, Von Restorff effect (The more something stands out, the more likely you are to remember it)

42
Q

Retrieval - Testing Effects

A

Retrieval is helped by previous retrieval attempts (studying)

43
Q

Retrieval - Retrieval Cues/Priming

A

Stimuli that help to retrieve knowledge (Context -> Knowledge). ex) sounds, smells, and sights associated with learning something

44
Q

False Retrieval/Memory

A

Mistaken recall of some stimulus or event that did not actually occur.

45
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Every time we remember something, we merely remember a reconstruction of the event. This means that eyewitness testimony is no longer the gold standard.

46
Q

False Presupposition

A

Implanting a memory through the use of another question to create an incorrect initial assumption

47
Q

Retroactive Forgetting

A

Learning something new pushes out old knowledge.

48
Q

Proactive Forgetting

A

Old knowledge inhibits new knowledge

49
Q

Hippocampus, Stress, and Depression

A

Hippocampus is part of the limbic system - emotion. Decreased brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) causes the depletion of neurons in the brain. This causes the hippocampus to shrink which is associated with depression.

50
Q

Hippocampal Independent Memory

A

Non declarative/implicit memory, delay conditioning, motor skills.

51
Q

Hippocampal Dependent Memory

A

Episodic, semantic, spatial, associative (trace conditioning), single-item, recognition, and familiarity memories

52
Q

Amygdala and Emotional Memory

A

Amygdala gives emotional content to memory, evaluates social stimuli (recognition of emotion in others), and assists in learning conditioned responses to stimuli associated with fear.

53
Q

Amygdala + Hippocampus - Depression + PTSD

A

When someone has PTSD or depression, they have smaller hippocampi and increased amygdala activity

54
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in strength of response to repeated presentation of the same stimulus - specific to repeated stimulus of low intensity

55
Q
A
56
Q

Sensitization

A

Increase in responding to repeated presentation - Not stimulus specific/generalizes and is high intensity

57
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with the US, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

58
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response

59
Q

Conditioned Response

A

The learned response to the previously neutral CS

60
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The naturally occurring response to the US

61
Q

Sign-tracking

A

An individual’s tendency to interact with a cue that predicts reward. ex) food, water, conspecifics, etc. CS generally has to be discrete, localized, and visual.

62
Q

Short Delay Procedure

A

CS starts and the US is presented later. The CS and US must overlap for any period of time. Most effective for learning.

63
Q

Long Delay Procedure

A

CS starts and the US is presented 5-10 minutes later.

64
Q

Trace Procedure

A

CS starts and stops, after a short (trace) interval, US is presented. Trace can be any amount of time but the CS and US cannot overlap.

65
Q

Inhibitory Conditioning

A

CS predicts the absence of the US. For this to occur, there has to have been an excitatory context for the US to begin with.

66
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Persistent distressing anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. ex) Phobias and OCD

67
Q

Systematic Desensitization (Treatment)

A

Presents the CS (feared object) multiple times without the US occurring. CR begins to diminish. Done gradually in attempt to extinguish the old CR of fear and replace it with a less dysfunctional CR.

68
Q

Flooding (Treatment)

A

Intense exposure to anxiety-triggering stimuli. ex) Fear Factor

69
Q

Aversive Conditioning (Treatment)

A

Replacing a positive response with a negative response. ex) Antabuse and alcohol (Antabuse makes you sick if you use alcohol after taking it)

70
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

A sense of powerlessness gained from a persistent failure to succeed or a traumatic event. ex) Dog shock experiments

71
Q

Best conditions for Operant Conditioning

A

Reinforcement is swift, certain, awesome/severe, and has belongingness.

72
Q

Belongingness/Salience

A

Concepts, elements, or skills are more easily learned if they are perceived as belonging together.

73
Q

Jenkins and Moore

A

a. The Jenkins and Moore study (1973) involved two groups, and like all other Jenkins studies, autoshaping
b. Group 1 was exposed to grain and autoshaped to the light, treating it as food.
c. Group 2 was exposed to water and autoshaped to the light, treating it as liquid.
d. This supports stimulus substitution because both groups treated the key light as if it was the stimulus itself (e.g. trying to “drink the light”). Ergo, they mentally substituted the CS with the US.

74
Q

Procrastination

A

Putting things off which progressively leads to more and more anxiety building up

75
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

Outcomes occur due to your own effects

76
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Outcomes are outside of the individual’s control. More likely to use emotion-focused coping strategies.

77
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

78
Q

Magazine Training

A

Classical Conditioning (sign tracking): Subject’s familiarization with the mechanism that delivers the reinforcer.

79
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

An instrumental response increases likelihood as a result of a positive stimulus being presented following the response and not presented in the absence of the response

80
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

If the instrumental response is performed, an aversive stimulus is terminated or prevented from occurring

81
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Occurrence of the instrumental response results in delivery of an aversive stimulus

82
Q

Negative Punishment/Omission

A

Instrumental response prevents delivery of a pleasant or appettitive stimulus