Exam 1

Question 1

Descartes

Answer 1

Not all human behavior is governed by free will - humans also respond involuntarily to external stimuli (Dualism) - Animals have no free will

Question 2

Nativism

Answer 2

Knowledge is predetermined from birth

Question 3

Empiricism

Answer 3

Knowledge is acquired from experiences

Question 4

Modal action patterns

Answer 4

Response sequence specific to a particular species - elicited by a specific stimulus

Question 5

Reflex arc

Answer 5

Sensory Neuron -> Interneuron -> Motor Neuron

Question 6

Appetitive Behavior

Answer 6

Early components of a behavior sequence - done to bring an organism into contact with a stimulus (less stereotyped)

Question 7

Consummatory Behavior

Answer 7

End components of contact with a stimulus - chewing, copulating, or hitting (more stereotyped)

Question 8

Habituation

Answer 8

Decrease in strength of response to repeated presentation of the same stimulus - specific to repeated stimulus of low intensity

Question 9

Sensitization

Answer 9

Increase in responding to repeated presentation - Not stimulus specific/generalizes and is high intensity

Question 10

Dishabituation

Answer 10

Instantly making habituation disappear (pair something with a stronger stimulus)

Question 11

Opponent Process Theory

Answer 11

Homeostatic theory of emotional behavior. Based on neurophysiological mechanisms, potential role in mood disorders, primary process (a) is balanced by opponent process (b). B process lags behind and is not always as strong as the A process, 2 processes are added together to form visible emotional state. When stimulus causing A process is removed, net result is B process driving the entire emotional response (after effect).

Question 12

Drug tolerance

Answer 12

While opponent process theory does not necessarily explain emotional state, it does apply to drug tolerance.

Question 13

Pavlov

Answer 13

Originally studied to learn about digestion. Technicians noticed an increase in stomach juice secretion at the sight of food or even the person who fed him.

Question 14

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 14

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 15

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 15

An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with the US, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Question 16

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 16

The naturally occurring response to the US

Question 17

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 17

The learned response to the previously neutral CS

Question 18

Fear conditioning procedures

Answer 18

The pairing of an initially neutral stimulus with an aversive fear eliciting stimulus.

Question 19

Suppression Ratio

Answer 19

(CS Responding)/(CS Responding + pre-cs Responding)

Question 20

Measurement of Fear

Answer 20

Measured by freezing or suppression of other behavior

Question 21

Eyeblink Conditioning

Answer 21

UR- eye blink to puff of air. CR- eye blink to tone, light, etc (CS). Slow to acquire and CR An attempt to condition a reflex.

Question 22

Sign Tracking

Answer 22

Approaching stimuli that signal food, water, conspecifics, etc. CS generally has to be discrete, localized, and visual.

Question 23

Taste Aversion

Answer 23

Learning an aversion to a novel CS (food/water) that is followed by a US that makes the organism sick. Brain is hard-wired to not eat something following becoming sick.

Question 24

Short Delayed Procedures

Answer 24

CS starts and the US is presented later. The CS and US must overlap for any period of time. Most effective for learning.

Question 25

Trace Procedures

Answer 25

CS starts and stops, after a short (trace) interval, US is presented. Trace can be any amount of time but the CS and US cannot overlap.

Question 26

Long Delay procedures

Answer 26

CS starts and the US is presented 5-10 minutes later.

Question 27

Simultaneous Procedures

Answer 27

CS and US start at the exact same time.

Question 28

Backward Procedures

Answer 28

US starts 1st and the CS is presented later.

Question 29

Measurement of Conditioned responses

Answer 29

Must test the response to the CS alone. Measured by magnitude (how much), probability (how often), and latency (how soon).

Question 30

Excitatory conditioning control group

Answer 30

Explicitly unpaired

Question 31

Spatial contiguity

Answer 31

Required for classical conditioning - close together in space (unless auditory)

Question 32

Temporal Contiguity

Answer 32

Required for classical conditioning - close together in time (unless it is taste aversion)

Question 33

Inhibitory Conditioning

Answer 33

CS predicts the absence of the US. For this to occur, there has to have been an excitatory context for the US to begin with.

Question 34

Measuring inhibitory conditioning (Compound Stimulus Test)

Answer 34

comparison of response to CS+ alone to response of CS+CS- (compound stimulus) : Response to CS+ alone should be greater.

Question 35

Measuring inhibitory conditioning (retardation of acquisition)

Answer 35

Training:
CS+ US (28 trials)
CS+ & CS- No US (56 trials)
Test:
CS- US (3 trials)
New CS US (3 trials)