Exam 2 Flashcards
Positive Reinforcement
An instrumental response increases likelihood as a result of a stimulus being presented following the response and not presented in the absence of the response
Negative Reinforcement
If the instrumental response is performed, an aversive stimulus is terminated or prevented from occurring.
Omission
Instrumental response prevents delivery of a pleasant or appettitive stimulus
Punishment
Occurrence of the instrumental response results in delivery of an aversive stimulus
Magazine Training
Classical Conditioning (sign tracking): Subject’s familiarization with the mechanism that delivers the reinforcer.
Shaping
Development of a new response through positive reinforcement of successive approximations.
Discrete Trial Procedures
Operant response is performed once an animal is removed from the apparatus. Conditioning measured by speed and latency to leave start boxes. ex) Mazes - Runway, T-maze, radial arm maze, Morris water maze.
Free-Operant Procedures
Animal can repeat instrumental behavior over and over again. Conditioning measured by frequency of operant response. ex) Skinner box.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
X number of responses to get a consequence. Easier to extinguish. ex) Rewards Card
Variable Ratio Schedule
Random number of responses to get consequence. Harder to extinguish. ex) Gambling
Fixed Interval Schedule
A set amount of time has to pass in order to gain reinforcement. Responding increases as the interval grows closer. Easier to extinguish. ex) College students studying
Variable Interval Schedule
A random amount of time passes in order to gain reinforcement. Responding is steadier than in a fixed interval schedule. Harder to extinguish. ex) Waiting for an elevator
Best conditions for Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement is swift, certain, awesome/severe, and has belongingness.
Learned Helplessness
A sense of powerlessness gained from a persistent failure to succeed or a traumatic event.
Depression
Associated with learned helplessness
Procrastination
Putting things off which progressively leads to more and more anxiety building up
Internal Locus of Control
Outcomes occur due to your own effects
External Locus of Control
Outcomes are outside of the individual’s control. More likely to use emotion-focused coping strategies.
Control
When people don’t feel like they have control, they stop trying. ex) poverty, depression, combat, and procrastination.
Concurrent Schedule
Subject chooses to respond to one of two keys, each with a different schedule. ex) Variable interval and Fixed Ration 10 then measure how animal distributes their pecks.
Matching Law
You will do things in proportion to the amount of reinforcement that you receive from it.
Vollmer & Bourret
An application of the matching law to evaluate the allocation of two- and three-point shots by college basketball players.
Behavior Therapy
A range of treatments and techniques which are used to change an individual’s maladaptive responses to specific situations.
Choice With Commitment
Can’t alternate back and forth between choices.
Self Control
Preference for a large-delayed reward over a small immediate reward. ex) drug addiction and ADHD
Stimulus Generalization
How well does a stimulus similar to the CS elicit a CR? ex) Marketing, Stereotypes, Sirens/Horns, Phone dings
Stereotypes/Prejudice
An example of stimulus generalization - applying one experience to all similar experiences.
Second-order (Higher order) conditioning
A stimulus that predicts the CS comes to elecit a CR.
ex) CS2->SC1->US
What makes an effective Conditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus?
Novelty, Intensity and Salience, Belongingness, and Biological strength.
Stimulus Substitution (Jenkins & Moore)
The CS-US association turns the CS into a substitute US - thus US determines CR. ex) Pigeons had different CR’s depending on whether US was food or water, but CR is not always the same as UR.
CS Determines CR (Timberlake & Grant)
Stimulus-Substitution is not always correct ex) A rat was used as a CS to predict food for another hungry rat.
Extinction
Decreasing the strength of the CR. Takes longer than acquisition and is vulnerable to spontaneous recovery and disinhibition. Not unlearning, but learning something new
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent distressing anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. ex) Phobias and OCD
Systematic Desensitization (Treatment)
Presents the CS (feared object) multiple times without the US occurring. CR begins to diminish. Done gradually in attempt to extinguish the old CR of fear and replace it with a less dysfunctional CR.
Flooding (Treatment)
Intense exposure to anxiety-triggering stimuli. ex) Fear Factor
Aversive Conditioning (Treatment)
Replacing a positive response with a negative response. ex) Antabuse and alcohol (Antabuse makes you sick if you use alcohol after taking it)
