Exam 2

Question 1

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 1

An instrumental response increases likelihood as a result of a stimulus being presented following the response and not presented in the absence of the response

Question 2

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 2

If the instrumental response is performed, an aversive stimulus is terminated or prevented from occurring.

Question 3

Omission

Answer 3

Instrumental response prevents delivery of a pleasant or appettitive stimulus

Question 4

Punishment

Answer 4

Occurrence of the instrumental response results in delivery of an aversive stimulus

Question 5

Magazine Training

Answer 5

Classical Conditioning (sign tracking): Subject’s familiarization with the mechanism that delivers the reinforcer.

Question 6

Shaping

Answer 6

Development of a new response through positive reinforcement of successive approximations.

Question 7

Discrete Trial Procedures

Answer 7

Operant response is performed once an animal is removed from the apparatus. Conditioning measured by speed and latency to leave start boxes. ex) Mazes - Runway, T-maze, radial arm maze, Morris water maze.

Question 8

Free-Operant Procedures

Answer 8

Animal can repeat instrumental behavior over and over again. Conditioning measured by frequency of operant response. ex) Skinner box.

Question 9

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 9

X number of responses to get a consequence. Easier to extinguish. ex) Rewards Card

Question 10

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 10

Random number of responses to get consequence. Harder to extinguish. ex) Gambling

Question 11

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 11

A set amount of time has to pass in order to gain reinforcement. Responding increases as the interval grows closer. Easier to extinguish. ex) College students studying

Question 12

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 12

A random amount of time passes in order to gain reinforcement. Responding is steadier than in a fixed interval schedule. Harder to extinguish. ex) Waiting for an elevator

Question 13

Best conditions for Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

Reinforcement is swift, certain, awesome/severe, and has belongingness.

Question 14

Learned Helplessness

Answer 14

A sense of powerlessness gained from a persistent failure to succeed or a traumatic event.

Question 15

Depression

Answer 15

Associated with learned helplessness

Question 16

Procrastination

Answer 16

Putting things off which progressively leads to more and more anxiety building up

Question 17

Internal Locus of Control

Answer 17

Outcomes occur due to your own effects

Question 18

External Locus of Control

Answer 18

Outcomes are outside of the individual’s control. More likely to use emotion-focused coping strategies.

Question 19

Control

Answer 19

When people don’t feel like they have control, they stop trying. ex) poverty, depression, combat, and procrastination.

Question 20

Concurrent Schedule

Answer 20

Subject chooses to respond to one of two keys, each with a different schedule. ex) Variable interval and Fixed Ration 10 then measure how animal distributes their pecks.

Question 21

Matching Law

Answer 21

You will do things in proportion to the amount of reinforcement that you receive from it.

Question 22

Vollmer & Bourret

Answer 22

An application of the matching law to evaluate the allocation of two- and three-point shots by college basketball players.

Question 23

Behavior Therapy

Answer 23

A range of treatments and techniques which are used to change an individual’s maladaptive responses to specific situations.

Question 24

Choice With Commitment

Answer 24

Can’t alternate back and forth between choices.

Question 25

Self Control

Answer 25

Preference for a large-delayed reward over a small immediate reward. ex) drug addiction and ADHD

Question 26

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 26

How well does a stimulus similar to the CS elicit a CR? ex) Marketing, Stereotypes, Sirens/Horns, Phone dings

Question 27

Stereotypes/Prejudice

Answer 27

An example of stimulus generalization - applying one experience to all similar experiences.

Question 28

Second-order (Higher order) conditioning

Answer 28

A stimulus that predicts the CS comes to elecit a CR.
ex) CS2->SC1->US

Question 29

What makes an effective Conditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus?

Answer 29

Novelty, Intensity and Salience, Belongingness, and Biological strength.

Question 30

Stimulus Substitution (Jenkins & Moore)

Answer 30

The CS-US association turns the CS into a substitute US - thus US determines CR. ex) Pigeons had different CR’s depending on whether US was food or water, but CR is not always the same as UR.

Question 31

CS Determines CR (Timberlake & Grant)

Answer 31

Stimulus-Substitution is not always correct ex) A rat was used as a CS to predict food for another hungry rat.

Question 32

Extinction

Answer 32

Decreasing the strength of the CR. Takes longer than acquisition and is vulnerable to spontaneous recovery and disinhibition. Not unlearning, but learning something new

Question 33

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 33

Persistent distressing anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. ex) Phobias and OCD

Question 34

Systematic Desensitization (Treatment)

Answer 34

Presents the CS (feared object) multiple times without the US occurring. CR begins to diminish. Done gradually in attempt to extinguish the old CR of fear and replace it with a less dysfunctional CR.

Question 35

Flooding (Treatment)

Answer 35

Intense exposure to anxiety-triggering stimuli. ex) Fear Factor

Question 36

Aversive Conditioning (Treatment)

Answer 36

Replacing a positive response with a negative response. ex) Antabuse and alcohol (Antabuse makes you sick if you use alcohol after taking it)