Final Exam Flashcards by Hailee Martinez

Iron Man world record Jan Frodeno
1-18 is VO2MAX LAB

Has a high VO two max and so do cross country runners

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VO2MAX LAB

02 is utilized in….

IN HIGHER ELEVATION….

In heart problems….

02 is utilized in mitochondria

In higher elevation, it is harder to uptake

Heart problems, cause transportation hindered

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VO2 MAX LAB
VO2

Volume of O2, that can be uptake in transported and utilized by the body in tissues and cells

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O2 max

The point at which there is no further increase in oxygen, uptake, in spite of an increase in Work rate, is known as the maximum oxygen uptake

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V02 rises

Almost literally with increase in Work right and is closely related to aerobic energy expenditure

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Factors that affect VO2

Hereditary
Sex
Age 15 through 18
Training status
Mode of exercise

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VO2MAX LAB

Central circulation

Hemoglobin and red blood cell concentration
Transport protein
Arterial blood pressure

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Peripheral circulation

Muscle blood flow vasoconstriction, verse bags of dilation
Oxygen extraction

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Metabolic factors

Muscle metabolism has a huge effect on 02 utilization

Myoglobin concentration
Muscle mass
Energy stores
Mitochondrial efficiency

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How do we measure 02

VO2MAX test
It is considered a gold standard of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic fitness

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Metabolic cart what is measured

HR to RER RPE

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Three types of Max tests

Submaximal - testing is performed at a low enough to intensity that the subject does not reach failure during the assessment

Peak test - the highest VO two obtained during the test, but failed to meet the desired requirements for a true Max test

highest VO two obtained and obtainable by the subject during the assessment that meets the true Max test selection criteria

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Criteria for true Max test

Two of the following must be met

Plateau in O2, despite an increase in work, right

Heart rate is within 10 BPM of age predicted heart rate Max

RER > 1.10

RPE > 8.5 or > 17

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RER respiratory exchange ratio

RER = VCO2/VO2

Ratio between amount of CO2 produced in O2, consumed in one breath

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METS metabolic equivalent

1 MET = 3.5 ml/mm/kg

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RPE is

Rate of perceived exertion

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V02max test procedure and Bruce protocol

Assessment should last 8 to 15 minutes

Bruce protocol :
Warm up 3 to 5 minutes. Test is three minutes stages. Speed in grade will increase with each stage.

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19- 28 is LAB 7
The heart receives blood from

Coronary circulation during diastole

Blood supply decreases during systole

Any reduction in blood flow will result in myocardial ischemia

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Myocardium Depolarization

Rest, myocardial cells are naturally polarized

Electrical stimulation causes inside of cell to become more positive compared to the outside of the cell, which is depolarization

Electrocardiograph

Represent electrical activity overtime and heart rate and rhythm

Exercise stress test

To assess how patient’s heart response to stress

How does ECG work?

System of leads are established

Lead is in an imaginary line, running between electrodes and measuring their voltage difference

Einthovens Triangle

Goes left to right

Has a positive and negative poll

Allows ECG to measure electrical activity of the heart in 360°

LOOK AT SLIDES

Normal ECG

ventricular rate equals

PR interval equals

QRS complex equals

ST segment equals

Wave progression in V1 to V6

60 to 100 bpm

PR = 0.12 to 0.20 seconds

QRS = 0.8 - 0.12

ST = no elevation, or depression

Wave progression = are waves get progressively, larger, and S waves get progressively smaller

Other ways to approximate heart rate two rules

1. 6 second rule: in a six second ECG strip count the number of RR intervals and multiply by 10 to getb/min 300 rule : count number large boxes between RR divided by 300

Indications of Ischemia

ST. Elevation signifies there is a blockage disrupting ventricle repolarization. ST depression signifies there is a disruption in repolarization

No electrode placement. Look at picture on diagram and look at normal ECG slide.

Blood can carry oxegen in two ways

Dissolved in plasma Combined with hemoglobin Can carry 65-70 more O2 than plasma

Hemoglobin Hb

Synthesized in bone marrow Main Functions: Carry O2 from lungs to tissues Remove CO2 from tissues to lungs Maintain blood pH

Anemia

Deficiency in Hb in the blood, which can be caused by too few RBC or too little Hb in cells Hb < 12 g/dL females Hb < 13 g/dL Males

Blood Composition

Cellular Component: RBC (Erythrocytes) WBC (Luekocytes) Platelets (Thrombocytes) Clots Plasma: 98% water and ions and plasma proteins

Hemocrit Ht meaning

Packed Cell Volume Measure of the total volume of RBC relative to the total volume of whole blood in a sample Men: 40-54% Women: 37-47%

Effects of aerobic training on Ht Hemocrit

Endurance Athletes have a decreased hematocrit which is called "sports anemia" Decreased hematocrit because is due to plasma volume

Hydration Euhydration: Hyperhydration:

Hydration will effect blood Euhydration: Properly Hydrated Hyperhydration: Overly Hydrated

Severe Dehydration

Dehydration reduces ICF and ECF: Results in hypovolemia (low plasma volume) Dehydration reduces bodies ability to dissipate heat: increase heat storage

How to test hydration: Hydration Index Threshold:

Osmometer (Urine) Urine Specific Gravity Plasma Osmolarity Urine Specific Gravity: < 1.020 Urine Color: < 4

LACTATE LAB Lactic Acid

3C molecule formed from pyruvic acid

Lactate:

anion that remains after lactic acid dissociates a proton

Resting [BL]

0.8-2.0 mM (constantly produced, even at rest

Physiological rationale for lactate response to exercise:

Overwhelms ability of mitochondria Increased fast-twitch fiber Hormones

Lactate Threshold (LT

when lactate production exceeds lactate clearance of > 1 mM, where exercise intensity is above where ATP can be met aerobically * useful in assessing a person’s ability to produce energy aerobically without significant lactate accumulation

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA): LOOK AT GRAPH

point at which lactate reaches 4 mmol during exercise

LT’s deflection point! LOOK AT GRAPH

indicates when one switches from aerobic to mostly anaerobic metabolism

Ventilatory Threshold (VE):

indicates an abrupt increase in blood lactate from CO2 accumulation in blood that is increasing ventilation.

Resting Blood Glucose

Units: mg/dl or mmol/L Fasting Blood Glucose levels: * Normal 60-100 mg/dl * Pre-Diabetic 100-125 mg/dl * Diabetic >125 mg/dl

Glucose Response to Exercise

1. Glucose causes insulin release whose downstream signaling through insulin receptor recruits GLUT4 to bring glucose into cell 2. Muscular contraction stimulates GLUT4 without insulin signaling