Final Exam Flashcards
Iron Man world record Jan Frodeno
1-18 is VO2MAX LAB
Has a high VO two max and so do cross country runners
VO2MAX LAB
02 is utilized in….
IN HIGHER ELEVATION….
In heart problems….
02 is utilized in mitochondria
In higher elevation, it is harder to uptake
Heart problems, cause transportation hindered 
VO2 MAX LAB
VO2
Volume of O2, that can be uptake in transported and utilized by the body in tissues and cells 
O2 max
The point at which there is no further increase in oxygen, uptake, in spite of an increase in Work rate, is known as the maximum oxygen uptake
V02 rises
Almost literally with increase in Work right and is closely related to aerobic energy expenditure
Factors that affect VO2
Hereditary
Sex
Age 15 through 18
Training status
Mode of exercise
VO2MAX LAB
Central circulation 
Hemoglobin and red blood cell concentration
Transport protein
Arterial blood pressure
Peripheral circulation
Muscle blood flow vasoconstriction, verse bags of dilation
Oxygen extraction 
Metabolic factors
Muscle metabolism has a huge effect on 02 utilization
Myoglobin concentration
Muscle mass
Energy stores
Mitochondrial efficiency
How do we measure 02
VO2MAX test
It is considered a gold standard of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic fitness
Metabolic cart what is measured
HR to RER RPE
Three types of Max tests
Submaximal - testing is performed at a low enough to intensity that the subject does not reach failure during the assessment
Peak test - the highest VO two obtained during the test, but failed to meet the desired requirements for a true Max test
- highest VO two obtained and obtainable by the subject during the assessment that meets the true Max test selection criteria
Criteria for true Max test
Two of the following must be met
Plateau in O2, despite an increase in work, right
Heart rate is within 10 BPM of age predicted heart rate Max
RER > 1.10
RPE > 8.5 or > 17
RER respiratory exchange ratio 
RER = VCO2/VO2
Ratio between amount of CO2 produced in O2, consumed in one breath
METS metabolic equivalent
1 MET = 3.5 ml/mm/kg
RPE is
Rate of perceived exertion
V02max test procedure and Bruce protocol 
Assessment should last 8 to 15 minutes
Bruce protocol :
Warm up 3 to 5 minutes. Test is three minutes stages. Speed in grade will increase with each stage.
19- 28 is LAB 7
The heart receives blood from
Coronary circulation during diastole
Blood supply decreases during systole
Any reduction in blood flow will result in myocardial ischemia
Myocardium Depolarization
Rest, myocardial cells are naturally polarized
Electrical stimulation causes inside of cell to become more positive compared to the outside of the cell, which is depolarization
Electrocardiograph
Represent electrical activity overtime and heart rate and rhythm
Exercise stress test
To assess how patient’s heart response to stress
How does ECG work?
System of leads are established
Lead is in an imaginary line, running between electrodes and measuring their voltage difference

Einthovens Triangle
Goes left to right
Has a positive and negative poll
Allows ECG to measure electrical activity of the heart in 360°
LOOK AT SLIDES
Normal ECG
ventricular rate equals
PR interval equals
QRS complex equals
ST segment equals
Wave progression in V1 to V6
60 to 100 bpm
PR = 0.12 to 0.20 seconds
QRS = 0.8 - 0.12
ST = no elevation, or depression
Wave progression = are waves get progressively, larger, and S waves get progressively smaller
Other ways to approximate heart rate two rules
- 6 second rule: in a six second ECG strip count the number of RR intervals and multiply by 10 to getb/min
300 rule : count number large boxes between RR divided by 300
Indications of Ischemia
ST. Elevation signifies there is a blockage disrupting ventricle repolarization.
ST depression signifies there is a disruption in repolarization
No electrode placement. Look at picture on diagram and look at normal ECG slide.
Blood can carry oxegen in two ways
Dissolved in plasma
Combined with hemoglobin
Can carry 65-70 more O2 than plasma
Hemoglobin Hb
Synthesized in bone marrow
Main Functions:
Carry O2 from lungs to tissues
Remove CO2 from tissues to lungs
Maintain blood pH
Anemia
Deficiency in Hb in the blood, which can be caused by too few RBC or too little Hb in cells
Hb < 12 g/dL females
Hb < 13 g/dL Males
Blood Composition
Cellular Component:
RBC (Erythrocytes)
WBC (Luekocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes) Clots
Plasma: 98% water and ions and plasma proteins
Hemocrit Ht meaning
Packed Cell Volume
Measure of the total volume of RBC relative to the total volume of whole blood in a sample
Men: 40-54%
Women: 37-47%
Effects of aerobic training on Ht Hemocrit
Endurance Athletes have a decreased hematocrit which is called “sports anemia”
Decreased hematocrit because is due to plasma volume
Hydration
Euhydration:
Hyperhydration:
Hydration will effect blood
Euhydration: Properly Hydrated
Hyperhydration: Overly Hydrated
Severe Dehydration
Dehydration reduces ICF and ECF: Results in hypovolemia (low plasma volume)
Dehydration reduces bodies ability to dissipate heat: increase heat storage
How to test hydration:
Hydration Index Threshold:
Osmometer (Urine)
Urine Specific Gravity
Plasma Osmolarity
Urine Specific Gravity: < 1.020
Urine Color: < 4
LACTATE LAB
Lactic Acid
3C molecule
formed from pyruvic acid
Lactate:
anion that remains
after lactic acid dissociates a
proton
Resting [BL]
0.8-2.0 mM
(constantly produced, even at
rest
Physiological rationale for lactate response to exercise:
Overwhelms ability of mitochondria
Increased fast-twitch fiber
Hormones
Lactate Threshold (LT
when lactate production exceeds
lactate clearance of > 1 mM, where exercise intensity is above
where ATP can be met aerobically
* useful in assessing a person’s ability to produce energy aerobically
without significant lactate accumulation
Onset of Blood
Lactate
Accumulation
(OBLA): LOOK AT GRAPH
point at which lactate
reaches 4 mmol
during exercise
LT’s deflection
point! LOOK AT GRAPH
indicates when one
switches from
aerobic to mostly
anaerobic
metabolism
Ventilatory
Threshold (VE):
indicates an abrupt
increase in blood lactate
from CO2 accumulation
in blood that is
increasing ventilation.
Resting Blood Glucose
Units: mg/dl or mmol/L
Fasting Blood Glucose levels:
* Normal 60-100 mg/dl
* Pre-Diabetic 100-125 mg/dl
* Diabetic >125 mg/dl
Glucose Response to Exercise
- Glucose causes
insulin release
whose downstream
signaling through
insulin receptor
recruits GLUT4 to
bring glucose into
cell - Muscular
contraction
stimulates GLUT4
without insulin
signaling
