Final Exam Flashcards
Which of the following structures passes through the superior orbital fissure?
a. Optic nerve
b. Olfactory nerve
c. Cranial nerves III to VI
d. Maxillary branch of the fifth cranial nerve
Cranial nerves III to VI
A pediatric patient enters radiology for a paranasal sinus series. Because of her age, the child is unable to hold still for the projections even with the use of immobilization devices. The decision is to hold the child during each exposure. Which of the following individuals should be asked to hold the child?
a. Technologist
b. Referring physician
c. Guardian
d. Student
Guardian
The most common radiographic sign for secondary osteomyelitis of the paranasal sinuses is
a. polyps.
b. mucosal thickening.
c. deviation of the bony nasal septum.
d. erosion of the bony margins.
erosion of the bony margins.
The pathway of communication between the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses that provides drainage between them is termed:
a. paranasal meatus.
b. osteomeatal complex.
c. labyrinths.
d. lateral chambers.
osteomeatal complex
A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series. She cannot fully extend her head and neck for the submentovertical projection. What else can the technologist do to produce a diagnostic submentovertical projection?
a. Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the OML.
b. Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to IOML.
c. Perform the projection with the patient recumbent.
d. Place sandbags on the forehead to extend the skull.
Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to IOML.
A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series on a cart (gurney). She is unable to stand or sit erect for any of the projections. Which of the following projections will best detect any air/fluid levels present in the maxillary sinuses?
a. PA
b. Parietoacanthial
c. Parietoacanthial transoral
d. Horizontal beam latera
c. Parietoacanthial transoral
A radiograph of a parietoacanthial transoral (open-mouth Waters) projection reveals that the mouth is open but the sphenoid sinus is superimposed over the maxilla and upper teeth. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?
a. Insufficient flexion of the head and neck
b. Excessive CR angulation
c. Insufficient CR angulation
d. Insufficient extension of the head and neck
d. Insufficient extension of the head and neck
A radiograph of a submentovertical projection reveals that the mandible is superimposed over the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. Which of the following modifications will eliminate this problem?
a. Perform the projection with the patient supine.
b. Perform the axiolateral oblique instead of the submentovertical projection.
c. Increase the flexion of the head and neck.
d. Increases the extension of the head and neck.
Increases the extension of the head and neck.
A patient enters the ED with a possible nasal bone fracture. The physician is concerned about a possible bony nasal septum deviation and fractured nasal bones. Which of the following routines would best diagnose these injuries?
a. Fifteen-degree PA Caldwell and lateral facial bone projections
b. Parietoacanthial, lateral nasal bone, and superoinferior (axial) projections
c. Modified parietoacanthial and lateral nasal bone projections
d. Modified parietoacanthial, submentovertex, and oblique-axial projections
Parietoacanthial, lateral nasal bone, and superoinferior (axial) projections
A patient enters the ED with a possible fracture of the right zygomatic arch. Which of the following routines would best diagnose a possible fracture of this structure?
a. Submentovertical, parietoacanthial, and bilateral tangential superoinferior
projections
b. Parietoacanthial, parieto-orbital, and lateral facial bone projections
c. Modified parietoacanthial, 15° PA Caldwell, and lateral facial bone projections
d. Submentovertical, oblique inferosuperior (tangential), and AP axial (Towne
method) projections
Submentovertical, oblique inferosuperior (tangential), and AP axial (Towne
method) projections
A patient enters the ED with a possible fracture of the proximal ramus of the mandible. Which of the following routines would best diagnose this fracture?
a. Parietoacanthial projection, axiolateral oblique projection with a 30° skull rotation
toward IR, and lateral facial bone projection
b. PA mandible projection, axiolateral oblique projection with a 45° skull rotation
toward IR, and 35° AP axial projection
c. PA axial mandible projection, axiolateral projection with no skull rotation, and a
35° AP axial projection
d. PA mandible projection, axiolateral oblique projection with a 45° skull rotation
toward IR, and submentovertex projection
PA axial mandible projection, axiolateral projection with no skull rotation, and a
35° AP axial projection
A radiograph of a PA projection of the sinuses reveals that the petrous ridges are projected over the ethmoid sinuses. Which of the following modifications will eliminate this superimposition while not compromising diagnostic quality of the study?
a. Increase extension of the head and neck slightly.
b. Angle the CR 5° to 10° caudad.
c. Increase flexion of the head and neck slightly.
d. Have the patient open his mouth.
Increase extension of the head and neck slightly.
A radiograph of a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection for sinuses reveals that the petrous pyramids are projected over the maxillary sinuses. What positioning error is present on this radiograph?
a. Excessive flexion of head and neck
b. Excessive extension of head and neck
c. Excessive CR angulation
d. Rotation of the head
Excessive flexion of head and neck
. A patient enters the ED with facial bone injuries. The physician is concerned about a possible blow-out fracture of the left orbit. Which one of the following projections would best diagnose this injury?
a. Parietoacanthial (Waters method) projection
b. Submentovertical projection
c. Superoinferior (tangential) projection
d. Modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection
Modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection
A radiograph of an anteroposterior (AP) axial projection of the cranium reveals that the dorsum sellae is projected below the foramen magnum, but the posterior arch of C1 is visible within the foramen. Which of the following positioning errors led to this radiographic outcome?
a. Excessive central ray (CR) angulation
b. Insufficient CR angulation
c. Insufficient flexion of the head and neck
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d. Tilt of the skull
Excessive central ray (CR) angulation
A radiograph of a posteroanterior (PA) axial projection (Caldwell method) of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are located at the level of the lower one-third of the orbits. The technologist performed this projection with the CR angled 15° caudad to the orbitomeatal line (OML). How must positioning be altered if a repeat exposure is performed?
a. Increase the extension of the skull.
b. Increase the flexion of the skull.
c. Increase the CR angulation.
d. None of the above; positioning was correct.
None of the above; positioning was correct.
A radiograph of a submentovertex projection of the cranium reveals that the mandibular mentum are projected into the ethmoid sinuses. What must be altered during the repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic radiograph?
a. Increase the extension of the skull.
b. Increase the flexion of the skull.
c. Decrease the CR angulation.
d. None of the above; it is an acceptable image.
Increase the extension of the skull.
A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium reveals that the orbital roofs (plates) are not superimposed—one is slightly superior to the other. Which of the following positioning errors led to this radiographic outcome?
Tilt
A radiograph of a lateral cranium reveals that the mentum of the mandible was cut off from the bottom of the radiograph. A 24 30-cm (10 12-inch) IR was used, and it was placed landscape. What must be altered if a repeat exposure is performed?
a. Center the CR at the EAM.
b. Increase SID to reduce magnification.
Place the 24 30-cm (10 12-inch) IR lengthwise.
d. None of the above; all of the critical structures were demonstrated.
None of the above; all of the critical structures were demonstrated.
A patient comes to radiology for a routine study of the cranium. He is unable to flex his head and neck sufficiently to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial projection. What should the technologist do to compensate for this problem without creating excessive magnification of the occipital bone?
a. Use the inferior OML and increase the CR angulation by 7°.
b. Perform the Haas method.
c. Perform a submentovertex projection in place of the AP axial projection.
d. Use the AML and increase the CR angulation by 10°.
Use the inferior OML and increase the CR angulation by 7°.
A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a possible basilar skull fracture. Which of the following skull projections would best demonstrate any blood present in the sphenoid sinus?
a. AP with a 15° cephalic angle
b. Haas method
c. Submentovertex
d. Horizontal beam lateral projection
Horizontal beam lateral projection
A patient comes to radiology with a history of a possible erosion of the superior orbital fissures. Which of the following projections would best demonstrate this structure?
a. PA axial with a 15° caudad angle to OML
b. Submentovertical
c. PA axial with a 25° to 30° caudad angle to OML
d. AP axial with a 37° caudad angle to OML
PA axial with a 25° to 30° caudad angle to OML
A patient comes to radiology with a possible bone cyst within the squamous portion of the frontal bone. Which of the following projections would best demonstrate this region with a minimal amount of distortion of the frontal bone?
a. AP axial with a 30° caudad angle to OML
b. PA axial with a 30° caudad angle to OML
c. PA axial with a 15° caudad angle to OML
d. PA with no CR angulation to OML
PA with no CR angulation to OML
A PA axial projection with a 25° caudad angle of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are at the level of the superior orbital margins. Which of the following modifications are required to correct this error?
Increase extension of cranium.
