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Acoustics of Speech > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 categories of production

A

voicing, manner, place

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2
Q

what are the categories of voicing production

A

voiced and voiceless

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3
Q

what are voiced consonants

A

vibration of the adducted vocal folds

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4
Q

what are voiceless consonants

A

noise generated by positions of articulators
/s/ or /p/

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5
Q

what are the two manners of production

A

obstruents and sonorants

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6
Q

what is an obstruent

A

block or partial block of airiflow

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7
Q

what are the obstruents

A

stops
fricatives
affricates

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8
Q

what is a sonorant

A

continuing resonant sound

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9
Q

what are the sonorants

A

nasals and approximants (liquids and glides)

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10
Q

what is a cognate

A

voiced/voiceless counterpart
p/b t/d etc.

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11
Q

what is a stop (obstruent)

A

complete stoppage of airflow through the vocal tract

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12
Q

what are examples of stops

A

/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /ʔ/

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13
Q

what is a fricative (obstruent)

A

partial constriction of airflow causing air turbulence or friction

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14
Q

what are examples of fricatives

A

f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /∫/, /ʒ/, /h/

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15
Q

what is an affricate

A

begins as stop and released as fricative

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16
Q

what are examples of affricates

A

/t∫/, /dʒ/

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17
Q

what are nasals (sonorant)

A

breath directed through nasal cavity
open vp

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18
Q

what are examples of nasals

A

/m/ /n/ /ŋ/

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19
Q

what are approximates

A

articulators approch each other but no turbulence is produced
can be syllabic (liquids)
partway between a vowel and a consonant
liquids and glides

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20
Q

what are liquids and glides

A

sonorants
approximants

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21
Q

what are the liquids

A

/l/ and /r/

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22
Q

what are the glides

A

/w/ and /j/

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23
Q

what are the place of production classifications

A

labials
interdentals
alveolars
palatals
velars
glottals

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24
Q

what are labials

A

one or both lips
bilabials and labiodentals

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25
Q

what are the bilabials

A

/p/, /b/, /m/, /w/

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26
Q

what are the labiodentals

A

/f/, /v/

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27
Q

what are interdentals

A

tongue between upper and lower teeth

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28
Q

what are the interdentals

A

/θ/, /ð/

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29
Q

what are alveolars

A

tongue contacts or approximates alveolar ridge

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30
Q

what are the alveolars

A

/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/,
Sometimes /r/, /∫/, /ʒ/

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31
Q

what are palatals

A

tongue contacts or approximates hard palate

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32
Q

what are the palatals

A

/∫/, /ʒ/, /t∫/, /dʒ/, /j/
Sometimes /r/

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33
Q

what is a velar

A

tongue contacts or approximates velum

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34
Q

what are the velars

A

/k/, /g/, /ŋ/

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35
Q

what are glottals

A

partially adducting vocal folds

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36
Q

what are the glottals

A

/h/ and glottal stop /ʔ/

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37
Q

Which cognate is easier/harder for someone with hearing loss to hear?

A

harder is voiceless because it is quieter

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38
Q

longer VOT

A

voiceless consonants

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39
Q

shorter VOT

A

voiced consonants

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40
Q

lid
hymn
gym
give
built
business
what is the front vowel?

A

/I/

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41
Q

wrap
plaid
have
black
travel
latch

what is the front vowel

A

/æ/

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42
Q

toothache
stimulate
operate
mediate
meditate
renovate

what is the front vowel

A

/e/

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43
Q

evil
seam
bee
eat
these
ski

what is the front vowel

A

/i/

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44
Q

push
should
wool
book
good
wolf
full

what is the back vowel

A

ʊ

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45
Q

owner
slow
over
oak
pole
croak
load

what is the back vowel

A

oʊ

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46
Q

romantic
cooperate
sailboat
exponential
introduce
oscilloscope
microphone

what is the back vowel

A

o

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47
Q

awning
audio
naught
saw
caught
thought
loss

what is the back vowel

A

ɔ

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48
Q

turn
fair
birch
work
earth
part

which have the same vowel? what is the vowel?

A

turn birch work earth
ɝ

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49
Q

done
fuss
gone
bush
upper
wonder

which have the same vowel? what is the vowel?

A

done fuss upper wonder
ʌ

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50
Q

Which IPA symbols are the same as written in English (referred to as grapheme or orthography)?

A

p b t d k g f v s m n

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51
Q

Which symbols are different?

A

ʧ ʃ,θ,ŋ,ɹ

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52
Q

Reverse the sounds in the words
bag
niece
ouch
gnome
dumb
knife
caught
sigh

A

gab
scene
chow
moan
mud
fine
talk
ice

53
Q

Place cues tend to be found in what frequency region?

A

high frequency

54
Q

Manner cues tend to be found in what frequency region

A

mid frequency

55
Q

Voicing cues tend to be found in what frequency region?

A

low frequency

56
Q

Given the above, it follows that which types of cues would be most difficult for someone with high frequency hearing loss? What kind of error in understanding might be made as a result?

A

Place cues. Confusing /s/ with /ʃ/, /p/ with /t/ or /k/, /m/ with /n/, for example

57
Q

What is the general range for F1 for vowels? What is the general range for F2? For F3?

A

F1: 250-850
F2: 850-2800
F3: 1700-3300

58
Q

transcribe
dash
pit
dodge
yell
these
catch
edge
sing

A

/dæʃ/
/pɪt/
/dɑʤ/
/jɛl/
/ðiz/
/kæʧ/
/ɛʤ/
/sɪŋ/

59
Q

Define and give examples of intrinsic redundancy in speech perception

A

Redundancy is an excess of what is needed for identification or understanding of speech signal.
Intrinsic redundancy- within the listener’s auditory system
Ex: tonotopic organization

60
Q

define extrinsic redundancy in speech and examples

A

present inthe speech signal
Multiple acoustic cues
Voice/voiceless
Manner
Place
Suprasegmentals/
prosodic features

61
Q

How does the amount of redundancy in a signal affect the extent to which hearing loss impacts accurate speech perception?

A

High redundancy: less of an impact on hearing loss
Low redundancy: more impact on hearing loss

62
Q

what are the 6 suprasegmental features

A

speaking rate
rhythm
vocal pitch
intonation
stress
juncture

63
Q

what cue and is conveyed by speaking rate

A

temporal
emotion
Syllables per second

64
Q

what cue and is conveyed by rhythm

A

temporal
poetry, public speaking
Stress, timing, quantity of syllables

65
Q

what cue and is conveyed by vocal pitch

A

spectral
express questions, identify talkers
based on F0

66
Q

what cue and is conveyed by intonation

A

spectral
conversational speech
pitch changes while vocalizing

67
Q

what cue and is conveyed by stress

A

all 3
importance of meaning

68
Q

what cue and is conveyed by juncture

A

all 3
differentiate otherwise identical sounds
ex: I scream vs ice cream

69
Q

For suprasegmentals with a spectral element, is the cue low or high frequency?

A

low frequency

70
Q

Name the 7 dimensions in which emotion is conveyed acoustically

A

Speech rate, pitch average, pitch range, intensity, voice quality, pitch changes

71
Q

Why is emotion perception important in children and adults?

A

Children: it can help them develop their own emotional maturity and development
Adults: provides context of how a person is feeling and how you can respond appropriately, relationships

72
Q

How is emotion perception affected in older adults with hearing loss, cochlear implant users, and children, at least according to the three studies reviewed in class?

A

Older adults
Show increased difficulty identifying the emotion of a talker
Hearing loss also impacts ability to recognize emotions
Age and hearing loss shows compounding affects
CI users: Vocal emotion recognition is impaired for adults with severe hearing loss who use cochlear implants
CI speech representation has a narrower intensity range
Poor representation of pitch
Children:

73
Q

What does “amplitude modulated” mean?

A

means that it varies in amplitude

a lot of modulation depth in speech and is a cue to the listener

74
Q

Does speech show a constant or a varying modulation depth?

A

speech shows a varying modulation depth
the depth is the cue to a listener

75
Q

Thought question: what would happen if you weren’t able to perceive modulation depth of a speech signal? What would it sound like?

A

it would sound like noise

76
Q

Why is it important for hearing aids and implantable devices to maintain intensity differences in running speech?

A

so you can make out the speech ad the cues are there to the brain (intensity cues for perception) especially in quiet

77
Q

Describe the short-term characteristics of speech

A

describing characteristics of a single talker
fluctuates moment by moment
amp is cues to types of sounds being uttered and temporal cues

78
Q

describe the long term characteristics of speech

A

average over time
multiple talkers
use this average to understand what it is that our listeners are getting (PTs with HL)

79
Q

What is the LTASS? What does it represent? How is it derived?

A

represents amount of sound energy at each frequency with speech avg over time with multiple talkers
informative because sound energy is not all the same, there is less sound energy at high frequencies and as people talk louder, the sound energy shifts to the higher frequencies around 1000 Hz

80
Q

If you wanted to demonstrate soft and average speech to your patient, what presentation levels would you choose (using inserts)?

A

40, 50

81
Q

What is the average dB level in dB HL for shouted speech?

A

70

82
Q

What are average levels for speech, in dB HL (inserts)?

A

40 50 70

83
Q

What is RETSPL for speech for supra-aurals and for inserts

A

20, 13

84
Q

What two questions are addressed by the Speech Intelligibility Index?

A

Are all speech frequencies equally important to speech recognition? no
Does the entire speech signal need to be audible for maximum speech recognition? no

85
Q

Which frequency bands are the most important for speech discrimination? What does it mean if a person has hearing loss in a frequency region that is important for speech discrimination?

A

they are going to be working harder to understand speech
low = if removed it doesn’t affect the score

higher = if they remove it from the signal it affects the score

86
Q

What is the speech intelligibility index? How good is it at predicting speech performance in quiet? How good is it at predicting speech intelligibility in noise?

A

based on hearing loss and how much of the speech is audible to the person with the hl

it is good at predicting it in quiet but not in noise

87
Q

what is amplitude

A

amount of displacement or change

88
Q

what is sound intensity

A

power per unit area
how fast the sound is going from the source to its destination

89
Q

what is sound pressure

A

force per unit area

90
Q

what is the temporal envelope and when is it an important cue?

A

relative slow changes in amplitude, slowly fluctuating changes in intensity
traces the peak and valleys of entire speech signal
syllable
important for speech in quiet

91
Q

what is the temporal fine structure & when is it an important cue

A

fast changes in amplitude, rapidly fluctuating changes in intensity (individual structures)
pitch, melody cues
important for speech in noise

92
Q

what is modulation depth? why is it an important cue for speech? How is it affected by background noise

A

amplitude modulated - means that it varies in amplitude
a lot of modulation in speech is a cue to the listener
noise fills in the gaps and makes speech a less modulated signal, making it harder to understand

93
Q

what does the ltass do

A

represents the amount of sound energy at each frequency w/ speech averaged over time w/ multiple speakers

94
Q

why is the LTASS informative

A

because sound energy is not all the same, there is less energy at high frequencies and as people talk louder, the energy shifts to the higher frequencies around 1000 Hz

95
Q

What are average levels for speech, in dB HL (inserts)?

A

Soft, average, shouted
Approximately 40, 50, 70 dB HL (inserts)

96
Q

What is RETSPL for speech for supra-aurals and for inserts?

A

20
13

97
Q

What two questions are addressed by the Speech Intelligibility Index?

A

Are all speech frequencies equally important to speech recognition? no
Does the entire speech signal need to be audible for maximum speech recognition? no

98
Q

What does the SII represent?

A

How much (%) of speech is audible to the person
based on listeners with typical hearing thresholds
in quiet

99
Q

which frequency bands are important in AI/SII

A

high - if removed from the signal it will affect the score
low - if removed it does not affect the score

100
Q

what is missing in nonsense syllables

A

context

101
Q

which freq are important for understanding nonsense syllables? (based on AI/SII)

A

above 1000Hz
high frequencies are important in order to identify these

102
Q

which freq are important for understanding short passage? (based on AI/SII)

A

mid frequencies
around 6-700

103
Q

are all frequencies important to understand speech? (based on AI/SII)

A

no if they were there would be a flat line
diff kinds of hl affect people differently
SII tells us that different frequency bands have different importance

104
Q

Which one is easier to differentiate from a signal that is not amplitude modulated?

A

easier to differentiate a signal that is highly modulated

105
Q

Does speech show constant or varying modulation depth?

A

varies

106
Q

what would happen if you weren’t able to perceive modulation depth of a speech signal? What would it sound like?

A

It would sound like noise that never changes, you wouldn’t hear the softer sounds

107
Q

Why is it important for hearing aids and implantable devices to maintain sound level differences in running speech?

A

because they rely on the cues

108
Q

If you wanted to demonstrate soft and average speech to your patient, what presentation levels would you choose (using inserts)?

A

40 and 50 dB HL

109
Q

What is the average dB level in dB HL for shouted speech?

A

70 dB HL

110
Q

What is the LTASS? What does it represent? How is it derived?

A

Long-term average speech spectrum

LTASS represents difference in sound energy at each frequency

It is derived using speech from multiple talkers averaged over a period of time.

111
Q

Which frequency bands are the most important for speech discrimination? What does it mean if a person has hearing loss in a frequency region that is important for speech discrimination?

A

around 1000-3000 Hz.

Speech understanding will be difficult

112
Q

What is the speech intelligibility index? How good is it at predicting speech performance in quiet? How good is it at predicting speech intelligibility in noise?

A

The SII is the estimated amount of speech that is audible to a listener. It predicts speech performance in quiet

113
Q

What is the glottis

A

space bw the vocal folds

114
Q

Describe the process of phonation. Additionally, explain the position of the vocal folds when a person takes a breath in the middle of talking.

A

Phonation is the vocal fold vibration.
1. vocal folds are adducted
2. air pressure from the lungs forces the vocal folds to be forced apart, or abducted
3. the bernoiully affect causes them to come back together
4. this process continues until the brain tells the articulators to stop
When a person breathes while talking, the vocal folds are abducted, or apart.

115
Q

The source-filter theory of speech production includes a power, a source, and a filter. Explain the source-filter theory of speech production (for vowels). What is the power? What is the source? What is the filter? What makes vowel sounds different from each other? Your response should be 3-4 sentences in length.

A

The source-filter theory of speech production is the compartmentilization of sounds where the source is the vocal folds, the power is the lungs and the filter is the vocal tract.
The process of the lungs sending the air through the vocal folds, then the vocal folds vibrating, and the tract shaping it allows the sound wave to be audible for us to be able to hear and interpret. Without these, it would not be. Vowel sounds are different from each other based on whether they are voiced or voiceless and where in the mouth are tongue is located. With a voiced vowel, the vocal folds are vibrating. With a voiceless vowel, the vocal folds are not vibrating. When the tongue is placed in different places in our mouth, like tongue height and tongue position, that is how we get the different vowel sounds like the chart above.

116
Q

What would the output of the vocal folds sound like if you could hear it in the absence of the vocal tract?

A

a buzz

117
Q

What influences the frequency of the fundamental frequency? What influences the frequency of the first formant? What influences the frequency of the second formant?

A

The fundamental frequency is influenced by the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate. Fast vibration is a higher pitch and slow vibration is a lower pitch.
The first formant is influenced by the tongue height. A high tonuge height creates a lower frequency and a low tongue height creates a high frequency.
The second formant is influenced by the tongue advancement. The tongue in the front of the mouth creates a high frequency and the tongue in the back of the mouth creates a low frequency.

118
Q

If you recorded yourself speaking softly and speaking loudly, these differences would be noticeable on which of the following? Select all that apply. (Hint: These differences will be noticeable on any graph that indicates amplitude.)

A

spectrogram ?
spectrum
waveform

119
Q

What type of cue is Voice Onset Time?

A

temporal

120
Q

what are the articulators

A

tongue, teeth, lips, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate/velum, uvula

121
Q

what is the larynx

A

Located just atop the trachea
Comprised of muscles and cartilage
Houses the vocal folds

122
Q

open Velopharyngeal port

A

sound resonation
allows air to resonate
nasal sounds /n/ /m/

123
Q

closed Velopharyngeal port

A

no resonation

124
Q

what is the Velopharyngeal port

A

allows air to resonate or not in the nose

125
Q

is the Velopharyngeal port open/closed during breathing?

A

breathing through the nose open
breathing through the mouth closed

126
Q

what are the parts of the pharynx

A

laryngopharynx
oropharynx
nasopharynx

127
Q

what are the vocal folds

A

bundles of tissue connected to cartilage within the larynx and are normally apart at rest to breathe and the space between them is the glottis

128
Q

foundation of speech; source of the acoustic speech signal

A

lungs

129
Q

Why might someone with hearing loss actually have a lower percent correct score than what is predicted?

A

someone with HL may present lower because the SII based count the dot audiogram is based off of a standard normal hearing

Acoustics of Speech (3 decks)

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