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Acoustics of Speech > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe the speech chain, beginning with a thought in the speaker’s mind and ending with understanding by the listener.

A

We have a thought we want to speak, the brain tells our speech anatomy what to do
The speech anatomy does what it is supposed to do (jaw moving, tongue moving, vf vibrating, etc.)
Something is produced by the articulators in form of a sound wave
We have feedback to ourselves when we are speaking so that we can monitor what we hear (Lombard effect?)
ear is stimulated and goes up to the brain of the listener we are trying to convey the message to
They understand what we thought and said

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2
Q

What are the three major systems in speech production?

A

respiratory system
laryngeal system
supra-laryngeal system

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3
Q

Describe the process of phonation (VF vibration)

A

Vocal folds adducted
Air pressure from lungs forces opening of vocal folds
Bernoulli effect brings vocal folds back together
As top of folds are opening, the bottom of the folds is closing
Pressure builds up again at the bottom and cycle continues for as long as the vocal folds are adducted (at a rate that is audible to the ear)
A brief puff of air escapes with each vibration with an audible sound

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4
Q

what is phonation

A

vibration of vf

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5
Q

Give examples of voiced and voiceless speech sounds.

A

Voiced speech sounds are phonemes produced with vocal fold vibration (vocal folds adducted). All American English vowels are voiced. For example, /b, /v/, /z/, etc.

Voiceless speech sounds are phonemes produced with vocal folds abducted. For example, /p/ /t/ /f/ etc.

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6
Q

What is the glottis? What kind of sound is a glottal stop?

A

The gottis is the space between the vocal folds. A glottal stop is when we do not let air escape. An example is when we say “kitten, button, Clinton, etc.” we only say /t/ and /n/

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7
Q

What is the function of the velopharyngeal port?

A

Opening between the oropharyngeal and nasal cavities
space between the soft palate and the pharyngeal wall.

create a tight seal between the velum and pharyngeal walls to separate the oral and nasal cavities for various purposes, including speech

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8
Q

is the port open during nasal sounds?

A

yes

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9
Q

is the port open during breathing?

A

depends how you are breathing

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10
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

Laryngopharynx: closest to the larynx
Oropharynx: adjacent to the lower portions of the oral cavity
Nasopharynx: adjacent to the lower portions of the nasal cavity

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11
Q

what are the vocal folds

A

bundles of tissue connected to cartilage within the larynx and are normally apart at rest to breathe and the space between them is the glottis

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12
Q

are we vocalizing when vf are open

A

no (whisper or breathing)

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13
Q

starts at nostrils/nares and continues to nasopharynx

A

nasal cavity

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14
Q

Starts at the mouth, continues to the oropharynx
Contains a set of anatomical structures that function as articulators

A

oral cavity

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15
Q

give examples of articulators

A

Articulator = “join together”
Tongue
Teeth
Lips
Alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Soft palate (velum)
Uvula

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16
Q

Defined by the velum/soft palate, and the walls of the pharynx

A

velopharygeal port

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17
Q

what is the larynx

A

Located just atop the trachea

Comprised of muscles and cartilage

Houses the vocal folds

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18
Q

what is thing called how sound changes through a system?

A

filter

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19
Q

words related to the larynx

A

GO & GEE
laryngoscope
laryngopharynx
laryngeal

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20
Q

words related to pharynx

A

pharyngoplasty
VP

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21
Q

do we speak on exhalation or inhalation

A

mostly exhalation

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22
Q

foundation of speech

A

lungs

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23
Q

source of acoustic speech signal

A

lungs

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24
Q

The rate at which the vocal folds open and close during phonation

A

fundamental frequency

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25
Q

what do we use pitch cues for?

A

to identify the speaker in noise
to convey emotions
asking a ?, grammatical cue
sound segregation

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26
Q

Where does the fundamental frequency of a person’s voice arise? What is the corresponding perceptual feature? How can this feature be changed?

A

It arises due to the rate the vocal folds open and close during phonation
faster = higher pitch
slower = lower pitch
pitch of someone’s voice
changed? shorten and lengthen the vf to change elasticity

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27
Q

would you have the same level for tone and speech?

A

no because speech is a broad band signal and it has diff amplitudes at different frequencies

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28
Q

In the source-filter theory of speech production, what is the source for a vowel sound? What is the filter?

A

The source is the vocal fold vibration.
The filter is the vocal tract.

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29
Q

The fundamental frequency of a voice (f0) is based on the sound occurring in which part of the vocal tract?

A

vocal folds

30
Q

As the length of an open tube increases, does the resonant frequency increase or decrease?

A

decreases

31
Q

Vowel formants (F1 and F2) are based on resonances in which parts of the vocal tract?

A

size of the vocal tract

32
Q

How does tongue movement alter the length of these areas?

A

It makes them longer or shorter and this changes the resonance

33
Q

How do the first two formants change with tongue position?

A

Tongue in back of mouth = low formant making it longer
Tongue in front of the mouth is shorter so a high formant

34
Q

n the source-filter theory of speech production, what is the source for a vowel sound? power? What is the filter?

A

vf vibration, air from the lungs, vocal tract

35
Q

How are vowel sounds classified primarily? What are two secondary ways of classifying vowels?

A

Tongue height (high, mid, and low) - refers to the relative vertical position of the body of the tongue in the oral cavity
Tongue advancement (front, central, back) - refers to the place of the major point of constriction of the tongue along the front-to-back plane

secondary are degree of tension (tense vs lax)
Lip configuration (rounded vs unrounded)

36
Q

Explain the source-filter theory of speech production (for vowels)

A

The two primary methods for making airflow (source) audible are phonation and noise generation within the vocal tract
Phonation is the creation of a nearly periodic sound wave by the vibration of the vocal folds. This laryngeal tone is the sound source for vowels and voiced consonants

Noise is generated by the vocal tract by the positioning of the articulators in such a way that they form occlusions or constrictions.
Aperiodic sounds created as air is released from occlusions or channeled through the constrictions
sound source for the voiceless consonants

37
Q

Know what influences the frequency of F1 and F2 for vowels

A

size of the vocal tract, part above the vocal folds up to the back of the throat and the oral cavity. it makes them longer or shorter and this changes the resonance. low tongue height, affects first formant making the tube smaller and a high frequency first formant. second is high tongue height affects second formant and makes it longer so it is a low frequency, tongue position or restriction. in back of mouth = low formant making it longer, in front of the mouth is shorter so a high formant

38
Q

system that resonates

A

resonator

39
Q

ystem vibrates as a result of external source of vibration

A

resonance

40
Q

the classification of speech sounds
Based on the way the speech sound is produced

A

phonetics

41
Q

In the source-filter theory of speech production, what is the source for a vowel sound? power? What is the filter?

A

vf vibration, air from the lungs, vocal tract

42
Q

overall peaks

A

speech envelope

43
Q

peaks

A

formants

44
Q

individual components

A

fundamental

45
Q

volume decreases as tongue position moves from high to low

A

first formant

46
Q

volume increases as tongue constriction moves from back to front

A

second formant

47
Q

Vocal tract resonances

A

formants

48
Q

waveform shows us

A

amplitude changes over time and cannot directly see the frequency

49
Q

spectrum

A

shows us ampl and freque
tells us frequency composition of that sound

50
Q

spectrogram

A

Plots each of these
shows amplitude over time and frequency components

51
Q

the classification of speech sounds
Based on the way the speech sound is produced
Symbol is / /

A

phonetics

52
Q

the smallest unit of sound in speech (perceptually)
Based on the way speech sound is interpreted
Symbol is [ ]

A

phoneme

53
Q

is representation of a specific speech sound
Specific articulatory configuration

A

phonetic symbol

54
Q

refers to the relative vertical position of the body of the tongue in the oral cavity

A

tongue height (high, mid, low)

55
Q

refers to the place of the major point of constriction of the tongue along the front-to-back plane

A

Tongue advancement (front, central, back)

56
Q

refers to degree of muscle activity during production

A

Degree of tension (tense vs. lax)

57
Q

lips are either pursed (protruded) or in a neutral (retracted) position

A

Lip configuration (rounded vs. unrounded)

58
Q

Explain the source-filter theory of speech production (for vowels)

A

The two primary methods for making airflow (source) audible are phonation and noise generation within the vocal tract
Phonation is the creation of a nearly periodic sound wave by the vibration of the vocal folds. This laryngeal tone is the sound source for vowels and voiced consonants

59
Q

what influences the frequency of F1 and F2 for vowels

A

low tongue height, affects first formant making the tube smaller and a high frequency first formant. second is high tongue height affects second formant and makes it longer so it is a low frequency, tongue position or restriction. in back of mouth = low formant making it longer, in front of the mouth is shorter so a high formant

60
Q

Decrease length =

A

higher frequency

61
Q

Increase the length =

A

lower frequency

62
Q

How are vowel sounds classified primarily? How are the first two formants influenced by these?

A

classified by tongue height and tongue position
F1 - influenced by tongue height
low frequency first formant = high tongue position because tube is longer
F2 - tongue constriction
low frequency second formant = constricted in the back, gives us a longer tube
constricted in the front, gives us a high frequency second formant because it gives us a shorter tube
back vowel has a longer tube and front vowel has a shorter tube

63
Q

Which IPA symbols are the same as written in English (referred to as grapheme or orthography)? Which symbols are different?

A

same p b t d k g f v s m n

64
Q

three categories of production that define consonant production

A

voicing manner place

65
Q

sub categories of voicing

A

Voiced consonants
vibration of the adducted vocal folds
Voiceless consonants
Noise generated by positioning of articulators
Occlusions or constructions
(e.g., /s/ or /p/)

66
Q

what are voiced consonants

A

vibration of the adducted vocal folds

67
Q

what are voicless consonants

A

noise generated by positioning of articulators
occulusions or constructions

68
Q

Define and describe voice onset time (VOT)

A

voicing cue for consonants
time between burst and voicing onset

69
Q

longer VOT

A

voiceless consonants

70
Q

shorter vot

A

voiced consonants

71
Q

Explain voice onset time and how it is a cue for voiced or voiceless consonants. What type of cue is this? (Temporal, spectral, or amplitude?)

A

spectral domain is frequency

before the vocal folds vibrate
space between the articulators coming together
time/space when the articulators first come together and when the voicing starts (vf vibrates)
voiced - almost immediately
voiceless - longer duration

the cue is temporal

Acoustics of Speech (3 decks)

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