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adult psychopathology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What initiates the “fight-or-flight” response? (A stress response)

A

Stress Exposure

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2
Q

Hypothalamus activates:

A

Sympathetic Nervous System and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis

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3
Q

Increased heart rate, increased respiration, decreased digestion

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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4
Q

Triggers release of stress hormones, e.g., cortisol

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis

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5
Q

Stress response (F/F) in short term

A

Adaptive

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6
Q

Overractivation/repeated activation of the stress response in long term

A

Maladaptive

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7
Q

Symptoms begin within four weeks of traumatic event; lasts for less than one month

A

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

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8
Q

Symptoms may begin either shortly after the exposure to traumatic event, or months or years afterward and last for at least one month

A

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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9
Q

The 4 symptom clusters of PTSD

A

Intrusion Symptoms, Avoidance Symptoms, Negative Alterations in Cognitions & Mood Symptoms, and Alterations in Arousal & Reactivity Symptoms

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10
Q

Intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks, psychological and physiological distress at reminders

A

Intrusion Symptoms

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11
Q

Avoids memories, thoughts, feelings associated with the trauma; avoids external reminders (e.g., conversations, activities, places, people) of trauma

A

Avoidance Symptoms

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12
Q

Forgets parts of the trauma, persistent, distorted cognitions about the cause or consequences of the trauma that leads individual to blame self, diminished interest and estrangement from others

A

Negative Alterations in Cognitions & Mood Symptoms

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13
Q

Irritability, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, sleep problems

A

Alterations in Arousal & Reactivity Symptoms

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14
Q

Lifetime prevalence of trauma exposure:

A

Women = 50%
Men = 60%

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15
Q

Lifetime prevalence of PTSD

A

8%, Women = 10%, Men = 5%

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16
Q

T/F: Most people who experience trauma do develop PTSD

A

False; most people who experience trauma do not develop PTSD

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17
Q

Who develops PTSD?

A

People with childhood experiences of trauma (greater risk) and people who lack social support

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18
Q

Through repeated exposure to fearful situations
OR
Through repeated exposure to perception of life threats

A

Excessive Activation of Stress Response

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19
Q

Features of the trauma that predicts who develops PTSD
- Direct exposure
- Life threat/injury
- Frequency of trauma (single incident event versus multiple traumas)

A

Severity of Trauma

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20
Q

Witnessing someone being badly injured or killed
Being involved in a natural disaster or a life threatening accident
Combat exposure

A

Frequently experienced traumas

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21
Q

Prolonged Exposure (Foa) - behavioral
Cognitive Processing Therapy (Resick) - CBT

A

Exposure-based treatments for PTSD

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22
Q

Teaches you to gradually approach trauma-related memories, feelings, and situations

A

Prolonged Exposure (PE)

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23
Q

Teaches you how to evaluate and change upsetting thoughts had since trauma; would usually write about the trauma

A

Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)

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24
Q

Other Treatments for PTSD

A

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Medication (SSRIs)

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25
Q

A. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in context of age & sex
B. Intense fear of gaining weight/becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though significantly underweight
C. Disturbance in the way one’s body weight/shape is experienced; lack of recognition of seriousness of low body weight

A

Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

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26
Q

Subtypes of AN

A

Restricting Type and Binge-Eating/Purging Type

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27
Q

Lose weight by restricting “bad” foods (e.g., dieting, fasting), eventually restricting nearly all food
Show almost no variability in diet
No recurrent episodes of bingeing/purging in last 3 mo

A

Restricting Type

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28
Q

Lose weight by vomiting after meals, abusing laxatives or diuretics, or engaging in excessive exercise over past 3 mo
- Like those with bulimia nervosa, people with this subtype may engage in eating binges

A

Binge-Eating/Purging Type

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29
Q

90-95% female
Peak onset btwn 14-18 years
2-6% die from medical complications

A

Prevalence of AN

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30
Q

.5-2% of females, and .9% of men in Western countries

A

Lifetime Prevalence (AN)

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31
Q
  • Motivated by fear of becoming obese and losing control
  • Preoccupation with food
  • Distorted thoughts
  • Comorbid depression, anxiety, substance abuse, OCD
  • Can result in medical problems such as lowered heart rate and lanugo (soft hair that covers body (think newborn))
A

Characteristics of AN

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32
Q

Defining Feature of AN

A

Being significantly underweight

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33
Q

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Eating, in a discrete time period, an amount of food that is larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time
- Sense of lack of control over eating during the episode
B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (e.g., laxatives, vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise)
C. Both A&B occur at least once a week for 3 months
D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
E. Does not occur during episodes of AN

A

Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

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34
Q

Usually preceded by feelings of great tension and/or powerlessness; may be pleasurable, followed by extreme self-blame, guilt, depression, and fears of weight gain and “discovery”; carried out in secret (averaging 10 a week)

A

Binges

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35
Q

90-95% female
Peak onset between 15 - 21
Typically normal weight

A

Prevalence of BN

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36
Q

1.5-5% in women (higher in college students), .5% in men

A

Lifetime Prevalence (BN)

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37
Q

A. Pattern of binge eating
B. Binge-eating episodes are associated with eating much more rapidly than normal, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry, eating alone bc of embarrassment by how much one is eating, feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or guilty afterward
C. Marked distress regarding binge eating
D. Binge eating occurs, on average, at least 1x/week for 3 mo

A

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)

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38
Q

Approx. 3.5% in women and 2% among men
Impacts a more diverse group of individuals

A

Prevalence of BED

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39
Q

T/F: African American teenagers are 50% more likely than Caucasian teenagers to show bulimic behavior (bingeing & purging)

A

True

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40
Q

Biological factors, psychological problems (cognitive and mood disturbances), sociocultural conditions (environmental stress, societal risks, family environment)

A

Causes of ED

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41
Q

Identical twins (70%) vs fraternal twins (20%)

A

Genetic Component to AN

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42
Q

Identical twins (23%) vs fraternal twins (9%)

A

Genetic Component to BN

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43
Q

Relatives of those with an ED are up to 6 times more likely to develop the disorder; low serotonin

A

Genetic Component to eating disorders

44
Q

Controls eating and weight; regulates feelings of hunger

A

Hypothalamus Dysfunction

45
Q

Depression may set the stage for eating disorders

A

Mood Disorders

46
Q

Internal mental filters or biases that increase misery, anxiety, and self consciousness; errors in thinking (Beck)

A

Cognitive Distortions

47
Q

Changing standards of attractiveness, prejudice towards overweight individuals, abuse & racism

A

Societal pressures & Environmental stress

48
Q

Supportive nursing care (increase patient’s diet)
Family therapy
Cognitive behavioral treatment
Poor prognosis overall

A

AN Treatments

49
Q

Cognitive therapy (change maladaptive thoughts)
Behavioral therapy (food diary, ERP)
Interpersonal therapy (improve i-p functioning)
Antidepressant drug therapy
Poor prognosis overall

A

BN Treatments

50
Q

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech

51
Q

False beliefs
- Persecution (plotted against, spied on)
- Reference (attach personal meaning to others’ actions/objects)
- Grandeur (special powers)
- Control (patients thoughts/feelings/actions controlled by others)

A

Delusions

52
Q

False sensory perceptions

A

Hallucinations

53
Q

Loose associations or derailment (word salad)
Neologisms (made up word)
Perseveration (using same word/theme repeatedly)
Clang (rhyme)

A

Disorganized Thinking and Speech

54
Q

Diminished interest, anhedonia (lack of pleasure), social withdrawal, poverty of speech (or alogia), blunted affect, avolition (or apathy)

A

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

55
Q

Awkward movements, grimaces, odd gestures, catatonia (person stays still)

A

Psychomotor Symptoms of Schizophrenia

56
Q

late teens to 30s

A

Onset of Schizophrenia

57
Q

Phases of Schizophrenia

A

Prodromal, Active, and Residual

58
Q
  • Higher pre-morbid functioning
  • Abrupt onset (versus insidious onset)
  • Onset triggered by stress
  • Later onset (middle age)
A

Good Prognosis of Schizophrenia

59
Q

Higher rates of SZ in people from lower socioeconomic status; illness causes one to have downward shift in social class

A

Downward Drift Theory

60
Q

Genetic factors (twin research)
Virus theory
Dopamine hypothesis (too much of it in SZ)
Abnormal brain structure

A

Biological Causes in SZ

61
Q

Family stress (high expressed emotion)

A

Psychological and psychosocial theories

62
Q

Reduce levels of dopamine
65% effective
Side effects: extrapyramidal side effects (muscle tremors & rigidity). After one year of medication -> Tardive Dyskinesia (tic-like movements of face and arms)

A

Conventional (1st gen) Antipsychotic drugs

63
Q

Reduce dopamine, also affect other NTs
85% effective
Fewer side effects

A

Atypical (2nd gen) antipsychotic drugs

64
Q

A. An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is either a major depressive episode or a manic episode concurrent with Criterion A of Schizophrenia
B. Delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime of the illness
C. Sx that meet criteria for a mood episode are present for the majority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness
D. Sx not due to another mental disorder, drug abuse, or medical condition

A

Schizoaffective Disorder

65
Q

Promotes independence and responsibility

A

Milieu Therapy (Humanistic Model)

66
Q

Operant conditioning principles; positive reinforcement for desired behaviors

A

Token Economy (Behavioral Model)

67
Q

Acceptance and nonjudgmental approach

A

CBT for Schizophrenia

68
Q

Engrained, enduring patterns of behavior, emotion, perception, and thought

A

Personality

69
Q

What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?

A

Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric, Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional, Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful

70
Q

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

A

Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric

71
Q

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

A

Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional

72
Q

Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

A

Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful

73
Q

Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness, such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent
Unjustified doubts about the trustworthiness of others
Perceive attacks without justification

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

74
Q

Detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotions
Indifferent to others’ praise, criticism, concerns, feelings
Little social contact with others
No oddities in speech, cognition, hallucinations, or delusions
May be related to Autism Spectrum Disorder, rather than Schizophrenia

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

75
Q

Interpersonal deficits and oddities in behavior or perception
Bizarre/peculiar speech, behavior, thinking and/or perception (“my teeth itch”)
Magical thinking (“it’s snowing bc I wanted it to snow”)
Milder form of schizophrenia
No strong delusions or hallucinations

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

76
Q

Disregard for and violation of others’ rights or feelings, occurring since age 15
Lack of remorse, indifference to others’ pain, rationalization of behavior
Criminal behavior (break laws) and arrests
Lies, irresponsible, may be charming, and aggressive (engage in fights)

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

77
Q

Instability of relationships, affect, and identity
Preoccupation with avoiding abandonment, unstable identity, impulsive behaviors, parasuicidal behavior, feelings of emptiness, intense anger, dissociation

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

78
Q

Developed by Marsha Linehan
4 modules
- Mindfulness: paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally
- Emotion Regulation
- Distress Tolerance
- Interpersonal Effectiveness
Research shows that after this treatment there are less hospitalizations and suicidal behavior (and better mental health)

A

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

79
Q

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking
Seek approval and praise from others
Feel unappreciated when not center of attention
Highly theatrical, over-dramatization
To get attention: sexually provocative, extreme emotionality, concern for appearance

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

80
Q

Grandiose sense of self-importance, need for admiration
Belief that they are “special” or can only be understood by high-status people
Unrealistic sense of entitlement
Interpersonally exploitive
Require excessive admiration

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

81
Q

Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Avoids interpersonal contact for fear of rejection or disapproval
Unwilling to be with others unless guaranteed to be liked
Views self as inferior to others

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

82
Q

Need to be taken care of, submissive and clingy behavior, fear of separation
Uncomfortable being alone based on fears of being unable to care for themselves
Unable to assume responsibility for major life areas
Fear of expressing disagreement based on unrealistic fear of losing support or approval

A

Dependent Personality Disorder

83
Q

Preoccupation with orderliness, control, and rules
Rigid, stubborn, and inflexible
Perfectionism that impairs task completion
Insist that others submit to their way of doing things
Different from OCD - no true obsessions or compulsions (instead, comforting rituals)

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

84
Q

Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day as indicated by either subjective report or observed by others
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day
Equal or greater than 5 symptoms lasting at least 2 weeks

A

Major Depression Disorder

85
Q

Low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin; abnormal levels of cortisol

A

Biological Etiology of Depression

86
Q

Antidepressant drugs and Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

Biological Treatment for Depression

87
Q

MAO Inhibitors, Tricyclics (1st gen), SSRI (2nd gen)

A

Antidepressant drugs that increase NE and/or serotonin

88
Q

Depression is caused by change in the number of rewards and punishments; positive life events -> feel satisfied

A

Behavioral Etiology of Depression

89
Q

Depressive symptoms make it more difficult to be successful

A

Downward Spiral

90
Q

Behavioral Activation (adding positive activities that are likely to be successes)

A

Behavioral Treatment for Depression

91
Q

Depression is caused by incorrect, negative beliefs

A

Cognitive Etiology for Depression

92
Q

Focuses on cognitive distortions and thought processes that can lead to negative behaviors

A

Beck’s Cognitive Theory

93
Q

Negative events are internal, global, and stable (I am a failure at everything I do and always will be)

A

Incorrect Attributions

94
Q

Seligman
Some people feel that they have no control over rewards/punishments
Believe they’re responsible for this helplessness
Experiment with dogs and electric shocks support this model

A

Learned Helplessness

95
Q

Identifying and correcting errors in thinking, examining and challenging assumptions, and changing thoughts then impacts feelings and behaviors

A

Cognitive Treatment for Depression

96
Q

equal or greater to 2 symptoms lasting 2 years, including symptom of depressed mood most of the day more days than not
Lower grade, but longer lasting depression

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

97
Q

The presence of a manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode
If currently in a hypomanic or major depressive episode, history of a manic episode

A

Bipolar Disorder

98
Q

Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 wk (or any length if hospitalization is necessary)

Decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas or thoughts racing, distractibility

A

Manic Episode

99
Q

Same as manic episode, except:
- only 4 days of sx necessary
- no marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
- no hospitalization required

A

Hypomanic Episode

100
Q

Bipolar Disorder Variants

A

Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymia

101
Q

Major depression and mania

A

Bipolar I

102
Q

Major depression and hypomania

A

Bipolar II

103
Q

Hypomanic symptoms and mild depression (for at least 2 yrs)

A

Cyclothymia

104
Q

Neurotransmitter activity high, low serotonin
Abnormal brain structures in basal ganglia and cerebellum, and genetic factors

A

Etiology of Mania in BD

105
Q

Mood stabilizer drugs and adjunctive psychotherapy

A

Treatment for Bipolar Disorder

adult psychopathology (3 decks)

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