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adult psychopathology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A future-oriented mood state characterized by apprehension and worry (adaptive only at low-to-moderate levels)

A

Anxiety

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2
Q
  • Excessive anxiety and worry about numerous events or activities. Lasts for more than 6 months.
  • Difficulty controlling the worry
  • Significant distress or impairment
  • Disturbance not due to physiological effects of substance or another medical condition
A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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3
Q

Restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

A

Symptoms of GAD

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4
Q

Metacognitive theory, Intolerance of uncertainty theory, and avoidance theory
- received considerable research support in understanding how GAD develops

A

Cognitive Etiology Theories of GAD

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5
Q

Problematic assumptions in GAD are the individual’s worries about worrying – meta-worry; developed by Wells

A

Metacognitive Theory

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6
Q

Individual believes that any possibility of a negative event occurring means that the event is likely to occur

A

Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory

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7
Q

Worrying serves “positive” function for those with GAD by reducing unusually high levels of bodily arousal; developed by Borkovec

A

Avoidance Theory

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8
Q

Cognitive Therapy, Behavioral Therapy, Biological Treatment

A

Treatment for GAD

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9
Q
  • Work to change maladaptive thinking by challenging erroneous assumptions
  • Help patient replace dysfunctional thoughts with more balanced thoughts
A

Cognitive Therapy

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10
Q

Worry less about worrying and practice acceptance

A

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

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11
Q

Worry exposure

A

Behavioral Therapy

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12
Q

Antidepressant drugs (SSRIs)

A

Biological Treatment

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13
Q

How do phobias differ?

A

More intense fear, greater desire to avoid the feared object, and distress, which interferes w/ functioning

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14
Q
  • Marked and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that is excessive and unreasonable. Lasts for more than 6 months
  • Immediate fear/anxiety following exposure to object
  • Fear is out of proportion to the actual object
  • Avoidance of the feared situation
  • Significant distress or impairment
  • Anxiety is not better accounted for by another mental disorder
A

Specific Phobia

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15
Q

Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, and modeling
- Phobias maintained through avoidance
- Prepardness

A

Behavioral Etiology of Specific Phobia

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16
Q

Where two events occur closely together in time

A

Classical Conditioning

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17
Q

Negative reinforcement (avoidance reinforced)

A

Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Observation and imitation

A

Modeling

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19
Q

Exposure therapies for specific phobias and mechanism of action (how they work)

A

Behavioral Treatments for Specific Phobias

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20
Q

Systematic Desensitization, Flooding, and Modeling

A

Exposure Therapies for Specific Phobias

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21
Q
  • Provide patient with new evidence about the phobic (conditioned) stimulus (e.g., dogs, airplanes) - new learning
  • Help patient disconfirm negative belief (e.g., not all dogs are dangerous, not all flights have turbulence)
A

Mechanism of Action

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22
Q

Teach relaxation skills, create fear hierarchy, and pair relaxation with feared objects or situations (relaxation response is thought to substitute for fear response due to incompatibility); technique developed by Joseph Wolpe

A

Systematic Desensitization

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23
Q

Nongradual Exposure (single session, no relaxation)

A

Flooding

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24
Q

Therapist confronts the feared object while the fearful person observes

A

Modeling

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25
Q

In vivo and covert

A

Types of Exposures

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26
Q

Live exposure

A

In vivo

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27
Q

Imaginal exposure

28
Q

Marked & persistent fear or anxiety about social situations involving possible scrutiny by others as well as fear of showing visible signs of anxiety in public
- Fear that one will humiliate/embarrass oneself
- Anxiety following exposure to feared situation
- Fear out of proportion to the actual event
- Avoidance of the feared situations
- Lasts for more than 6 months and significant distress or impairment

A

Social Anxiety Disorder

29
Q

Social anxiety is ____ common in developed countries (US) and ____ common in countries where introversion is valued

A

more; less

30
Q

Biological etiology of SAD

31
Q

Parent reinforces child’s anxiety, parent’s own anxiety impacts response to child’s behavior/anxiety, (anxious) child doesn’t get practice interacting w/ peers –> poor social skills, child’s anxiety maintained

A

Behavioral Etiology of SAD

32
Q

Exposure Therapy and Social Skills Training

A

Behavioral Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder

33
Q

Antidepressants

A

Biological Treatment for SAD

34
Q

Exposure therapy for SAD

A

Group therapies

35
Q

Therapist models appropriate social behaviors and patient tests out behaviors in role plays

A

Social Skills Training

36
Q

Humans are biologically predisposed to develop certain phobias (learn to fear) and not others

A

Preparedness

37
Q

A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which symptoms such as sweating, sensations of shortness of breath, chest pain/discomfort, and/or chills/heat sensations (4 or more) develop abruptly

A

Panic Attacks

38
Q

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of concern, worry about additional attacks or their consequences (e.g., going crazy, having a heart attack, etc.) and/or a significant change in behavior
- Absence (or presence) of agoraphobia
- Panic attacks not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or general medical condition
- Panic attacks are not better accounted for by another anxiety disorder

A

Panic Disorder

39
Q

People prone to panic over-focus on bodily sensations and misinterpret meaning behind bodily sensations; cascading physiological symptoms

A

Cognitive Etiology of Panic DIsorder

40
Q

Assuming bodily sensations are harmful, dangerous

A

Anxiety Sensitivity

41
Q

Psychoeducation, Coping Skills, and Interoceptive Exposure

A

Behavioral (exposure) Panic Control Treatment

42
Q

Exposure to panic-like symptoms; Ex. Breathe through a straw to induce hyperventilation

A

Interoceptive Exposure

43
Q

Biological Treatment for PD

A

Antidepressants

44
Q

Marked fear/anxiety about 2+ situations such as public transportation, open/enclosed spaces, standing in line or in a crowd, etc
- Fears these situations b/c of thoughts that escape or help might not be possible in case of developing panic-like or other symptoms
- Situations always provoke fear
- Situations are avoided, requires presence of companion or endured w/ intense fear
- Fear out of proportion to actual danger
- Fear/anxiety/avoidance persistent greater than 6 months
- Significant distress or impairment

A

Agoraphobia

45
Q

Similar to that of specific phobia (panic attacks)

A

Etiological explanation for Agoraphobia

46
Q

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted and that cause marked anxiety and distress
- Attempts to ignore or suppress thoughts, or neutralize them with another thought or action

A

Obsessions

47
Q

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession
- Behaviors/mental acts are aimed at reducing distress but are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or are clearly excessive

A

Compulsions

48
Q

Obsessions and/or compulsions that are distressing, time consuming, or impairing. Not related to another mental disorder and disturbance is not due to effects of a substance or medical condition

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

49
Q

Thoughts feel intrusive & foreign

A

Ego Dystonic

50
Q

Learning by chance, learn compulsions randomly, believed compulsion is changing situation after repeated associations, act becomes a key method to avoiding/reducing anxiety

A

Behavioral Etiological Perspective of OCD

51
Q

Everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, those with OCD overreact to unwanted thoughts (would “neutralize” thoughts w/ compulsions to avoid), neutralizing action is reinforced as it reduces anxiety

A

Cognitive Etiological Perspective of OCD

51
Q

Identify, challenge, and change distorted thoughts

A

Cognitive Elements of Therapy

51
Q
  • be more depressed than others
  • have higher standards of conduct and morality
  • believe thoughts are equal to actions and are
    capable of bringing harm
  • believe that they can, and should, have perfect
    control over their thoughts and behaviors
A

People more likely to develop OCD

51
Q

2-3%

A

Lifetime Prevalence for OCD

52
Q

Patient is exposed to objects/situations that elicit obsessions & produce anxiety; patient resists performing compulsions
- Often combined with cognitive restructuring

A

Exposure & Response Prevention

53
Q

Genetic influences, low serotonin activity

A

Biological Etiological Perspective of OCD

54
Q

Combination of CBT and pharmacotherapy

A

Treatment for OCD

55
Q

People who believe they must save items
Great distress if they try & discard items
Huge collection + clutter in living situations
Distress & impairment

A

Hoarding disorder

56
Q

Repeatedly pull hair out of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes
Triggered by anxiety

A

Hair-pulling disorder

57
Q

Pick at skin resulting in sores/wounds
Triggered by anxiety

A

Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder

58
Q

Preoccupation with physical defect or flaw that are not observable or appear slight to others
Individual has performed repetitive behaviors/mental acts in response to appearance concerns

A

Body dysmorphic disorder

59
Q

6%

A

Lifetime prevalence of GAD

60
Q

12%

A

Lifetime prevalence of Specific Phobia AND Social Anxiety

61
Q

5%

A

Lifetime prevalence of Panic Disorder

62
Q

2.2%

A

Lifetime prevalence of Agoraphobia

adult psychopathology (3 decks)

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