Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following observations supports late selection theory more than early selection theory?
A
The interpretation of an ambiguous word can be affected by an unattended stimulus.
2
Q
Which of these the following theories of neural coding is most closely related to the idea that each mental representation involves many neurons and each neuron is involved in many representations?
A
Population coding
3
Q
The detectors in the Interactive Activation model are similar to neurons because they communicate using excitatory and inhibitory signals. This is one reason that Interactive Activation model is called
A
a neurally inspired model
4
Q
In the figure below, the numbers in the gray boxes are the activations of the corresponding neurons (nodes) and the numbers in the yellow boxes are the connection strengths. Which of the following statements is true? (Hint: Exactly two of the choices are true.)
A
The connection from neuron A to neuron Y is excitatory.
Given these activations, Hebbian learning would make the connection from neuron A to neuron X more inhibitory.
5
Q
The Hebbian Learning assignment demonstrated that the use of the Hebbian learning rule
A
Sometimes results in retroactive interference, but not always
6
Q
Feature analysis is a strategy for pattern recognition that can be applied to
A
A, B, and C:
a. two-dimensional drawing
b. three-dimensional geometric shapes
c. human faces
7
Q
Structural connectivity
A
is the brain’s “wiring diagram” created by axons that connect brain areas.
8
Q
Which theory of neural coding is exemplified by the feature detectors of the Interactive Activation model and the Feature Integration theory ?
A
Specificity coding
9
Q
According to Ungerleider and Mishkins, the dorsal pathway…
A
Includes regions in the parietal lobe and is responsible for spatial processing.
10
Q
This graph most likely depicts the results of an experiment on
(shapes around 400 and color words around 600 for reaction time and stimulus type)
A
the stroop effect
11
Q
Which of the following neuropsychological disorders primarily involves an impairment in attention?
A
neglect
12
Q
Which of the following contrasts is most directly relevant to Schneider and Shiffin’s (1977) memory scanning experiment?
A
Automatic vs controlled processing
13
Q
Which of the following approaches to perception is most closely related to Helmholtz’s theory of perception?
A
The Bayesian approach
14
Q
The most common form of neuron-neuron communication involves the release of neurotransmitter from one neuron’s __ to another neuron’s ___.
A
axon, dendrite
15
Q
In a graph plotting the results of a visual search experiment, what should be plotted on the y-axis?
A
reaction time
16
Q
Which of these theories is both anti-mentalist and anti-physicalist?
A
behaviorism
17
Q
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals which brain regions are active during a particular task by measuring
A
Changes in blood flow in the brain.
18
Q
What does the field of neuropsychology study?
A
Behavior of people with brain damage
19
Q
Which brain regions are most closely associated with executive control?
A
the frontal and parietal lobes
20
Q
If a neuron has an off-center/on-surround receptive field, that amount of light falling in the center of its receptive field will determine
A
its firing rate
21
Q
Which of these concepts is most closely associated with Gestalt psychology?
A
Good continuation.
22
Q
Which theoretical concept is most closely related to the work of Hubel and Wiesel?
A
Receptive fields
23
Q
Which of the following principles is most closely associated with constructivist theories of perception?
A
Information is lost in the transformation of the distal stimulus to the proximal stimulus.
24
Q
Which three of the following statements are true according to early selection theory. (Choose three of the answers.)
A
Selection occurs prior to recognition
Selection is based on physical properties
Selection is all-or-none
25
The fact that an office is likely to contain both a desk and a chair is an example of a
semantic regularity
26
An experiment investigating overt shifts of attention would most likely use which of the following devices?
eye tracker
27
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
prosopagnosia
28
The attenuation theory can explain why you might notice someone saying your name in a conversation that you aren't paying attention to by assuming that: (More than one answer may be correct.)
The detector for your name has a relatively low threshold.
Selection is not an all-or-none mechanism.
29
In the template model, the more faces you have stored in memory the longer it will take (on average) to recognize a familiar face when you see one. This is because the template model uses
serial search
30
Which of these theories emerged during the first two decades after the cogntive revolution?
The template and early selection models.
31
Donders introduced an experimental method for measuring
the time needed to make a decision.
32
Suppose we run a visual search experiment in which participants search for a blue circle in a field of red circles and red triangles. How would increasing the number of distractors affect reaction time?
RT would stay constant
33
Which of the following is a true statement about the computer metaphor?
All of the above:
It played a critical role in the development of the cognitive revolution.
It suggests that the relationship between mental processes and the brain is similar to the relationship between softward and hardware in computers.
It suggests a way of understanding how physical (brain) states can have meaning/aboutness.
34
The four things you should know about every experiment are (i) What they did, (ii) What they measured, (iii) What they found, and (iv):
what it means
35
Suppose the input to the interactive activation model is the C*T display above. If the activation values for the detectors for the middle letter position are as shown in the graph, what would you conclude?
The connections from the word detectors to the letter detectors have been removed.
36
Which of these is an example of source misattribution?
Thinking that something you dreamed actually happened.
37
Which of the following statements is true? (More than one answer may be correct.)
False memories tend to become more likely as the retention interval increases.
False memories can be the result of general-world knowledge.
38
One theoretical implication of Brewer & Treyen's experiment on memory for things in an office room is that:
Memory for an event is shaped by general world knowledge.
39
Match each set of properties with the mechanism of forgetting that has those properties
Occurs at retrieval; affects accessibility, due to other memory traces: Blocking
Occurs at storage; affects availability, due to other memory traces: Unlearning
Occurs at storage; affects availability, not due to other memory traces: Decay
Occurs at retrieval; affects accessibility, not due to other memory traces: None
40
A Google search is oftern considered to be analogous to a search of human memory. Which of the following is not an appropriate comparison?
access to a website being restricted by a foreign government is like forgetting due to blocking
41
The tendency to remember events more fondly and positively than they were perceived at the time of the experience is called:
The rosy recollection effect
42
Which of these processes occur during the retrieval stage? (More than one answer may be correct.)
selection of retrieval cues
evaluation
43
The three stages of memory include:
encoding, storage, retrieval
44
The main goal of the Wickens "Release from proactive interference" experiment was to study
forgetting in STM
45
The data depicted in this figure provide evidence that:
(3 graphs with blue bars for delay and % correct and it is a big difference then little difference, then slightly larger)
forgetting in STM is due to proactive interference
46
In his 1967 book, Neisser characterized the way human memory works by comparing the rememberer to
a paleontologist who reconstructs an entire dinosaur from a few bone fragments
47
Suppose that Max plays a new video game for one hour a day on each of eight days. Kurt plays that same game for four hours a day on each of two days. Assuming that Max and Kurt started out at the same level of performance, who is likely to be playing better at the end of the eight hours.
Max will perform better because of the spacing effect.
48
Suppose we use an immediate recall task to study working memory. What would Baddeley's working memory model predict? (More than one answer may be correct.)
"Uzbekistan Mauritania Slovenia Uruguay" would be remembered worse than "Fiji Chad Belize Laos".
"Take Lake Make Sake" would be remembered worse than "Take Desk Tree Fish"
49
Match each theoretical construct with the experimental procedure/manipulation best suited to study it.
capacity of STM: immediate recall of digits in lists of varying length
principle of encoding specificity: whether memory for a list of words is tested in teh same context as where it was studied
capacity of the phonological loop: length (in syllables of the to be remembered words in an immediate recall task
levels of processing theory: asking participants in a LTM tasks to make judgments about the TBR words based on either how the words look or what they mean
50
One technique that can help you remember a newly learned fact is to imagine where you were when you learned it. This example illustrates which of the following theoretical ideas?
the principle of encoding specificity.
51
The Modal Model's assumption about that nature of the code in short-term memory was based in part on the observation that in short-term memory tasks, participants sometimes 'remember' words that weren't actually on the to-be-remembered list. When this happens, the falsely 'remembered' word often
sounds like a word that was on the list.
52
Vogel et al. (2005) used ERP (evoked response potentials) to study individual differenes in working memory. Their primary finding was that individuals with greater visual working memory capacity:
were better at suppressing irrelevant visual information.
53
Chase and Simon's (1973) study of STM contrasting chess experts and novices illustrates the role of ___ in short-term memory
chunking
54
Why is it almost easier to recognize that a word was on a study list than it is to recall it?
Recognition tests provide more retrieval cues than recall tasks.
55
According to Daniel Schacter, actually remembering having heard a word on a list ( a "real" memory) can be distinguished from a false memory of having heard that word because:
There is less activation in the brain regions involved in spoken word perception during a false memory.
56
In a serial-position curve experiment, which of the following manipulations would be expected to increase the primacy effect and have little impact on the recency effect?
Increasing the amount of time between words during the study task.
57
Last night I couldn't remember the name of a senator from Minnesota. This morning I saw someone who looks like her and her name immediately came to mind. Given what we know about memory, which of the following was probably true
Last night, the senator's name was available in my memory but not accessible.
58
Which of the following studies involves misleading postevent information?
The Red Datsun study.
59
What is the purpose of having participants count backwards during the retention interval of a short-term memory task?
Counting backwards blocks rehearsal
60
Which of the following describes the reminiscence bump?
People in their sixties generally exhibit enhanced memory for events that occurred in their late teens and early twenties relative to memory for childhood events or events that occured in their thirties.
61
This graph illustrates the results of a hypothetical experiment comparing flashbulb memories to memory for everyday events. Given what is now known about flashbulb memories, which of the following dependent variables is probably being depicted in this graph.
The proportion of details remembered.
62
This graph plots hypothetical results from a memory experiment in which participants study a list of words and are asked to recall those words after some retention interval. What is wrong with this graph?
The scale of the x-axis is misleading.
63
From the perspective described in the text book, how do autobiographical and episodic memory differ?
Autobiographical memory has a different time course of forgetting.
Autobiographical memory is more multidimensional.
64
The results of the Morris et al. experiment involving a rhyme recognition task were consistent with the prinicple of transfer-appropriate processing. They were also inconsistent with the prediction that:
Deeper processing results in better memory.
65
"Remembering" that when you were a child you got lost at a mall, even though that never actually happened, is an error of___
commission
66
Which component of Baddeley's Working Memory is most analogous to short-term memory in the Modal model?
The phonological loop
67
Which of the following is a true statement about false memories?
They arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
68
After work today I couldn't find my car when I got to the parking lot. Eventually I figured out that I was looking in the wrong parking lot--the one I had parked in yesterday rather than the one I parked in this morning. Which mechanism of forgetting is illustrated by this example?
Proactive interference.
69
Which of these statements exemplifies the levels-of-processing effect on memory?
You are more likely to remember a written word if you form a mental image about it than if you decide whether it is printed in lower-case letters.
70
When surveyed, a majority of memory scientists agreed with which of the following statements?
None of the above.
Answers:
Human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so that we can review and inspect them later.
The testimony of one confident eyewitness should be enough evidence to convict a defendant of a crime.
Once you have experienced an event and formed a memory of it, that memory does not change.
71
The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the
availability heuristic
72
Which of the following brain regions is the 'hub' of the hub and spoke model?
Anterior temporal lobe
73
Which of these concepts would Rosch place at the subordinate level?
coffee table
74
Which theory states that a concept is defined by a set of necessary and sufficient features?
definitional
75
This figure on the left plots the strength of the hippocampal and cortical memory traces for an event that occurred at time 0 according to the the Complementary Learning Systems theory. The figure on the right plots that theory's predictions about the strength of the hippocampal and cortical memory traces for a person with
retrograde amnesia
76
Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation of a category based on the average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
prototype
77
According to the complementary learning systems theory, the computational characteristics of the hippocampal system include which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)
It is less susceptable to interference than the cortical system.
It uses sparse coding
78
Concluding that "Cristiano Ronaldo is mortal" based on the premises "All humans are mortal" and "Cristiano Ronaldo is a human" is an example of what kind of reasoning?
deductive
79
Which of the following is characteristic of retrograde amnesia due to damage to the medial temporal lobe? (More than one answer may be correct.)
It involves impaired memory for events that occurred before damage to the MTL.
It involves impaired performance on explicit memory tasks.
80
People are more likely to use a birth-control method that is described as having a 90% success rate than a 10% failure rate. This preference exemplifies which of the following?
the framing effect
81
Which of these examples illustrates the pattern of progressive differention observe during human development?
The distinction between plant and animal is learned before the distinction between dog and cat.
82
Match each task with the type of process it is most likely to engage
personal moral judgement: type 1
impersonal moral judgements: type 2
prototype-based category learning: type 1
wason 4 card task using abstract rules: type 2
conjunction search: type 2
83
Evidence for innate category specificity in the brain comes from research which found that
blind and sighted participants showed similar neural response patterns in their visual systems for judgments about animals and nonliving things
84
One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they
are prone to confirmation bias.
85
HM was able to name Martin Luther King based on his picture, even though MLK was not well known at the time of HM's surgery. Given what we know about memory and its neural basis, what is the most likely explanation for this finding?
Given repeated exposure, a new fact can be learned on the basis of slow cortical learning alone,
86
Research on decision making has shown that
People are more sensitive to changes in probability near 0 or 1 than changes to intermediate probability values
87
Consolidation is associated with which stage of memory?
storage
88
Which of the following is preserved in amnesia? (More than one answer may be correct.)
repetition priming
procedural learning
89
Damage to which of the following brain regions is most likely to cause amnesia?
medial temporal lobe
90
The graph below depicts the hypothetical results of an experiment in which participants (either amnesics or controls) had to decide whether each word on a list referred to an abstract (e.g., BEAUTIFUL) or concrete (e.g, GRANITE) concept. Later, they completed two different tasks: A cued recall task, is which they they were asked to remember a word from the abstract/concrete task that started with a particular letter sequence (BEA_____), or to try to think of any word that starts with that sequence (a word completion task). Given what we now know about amnesia, which of the following are likely possibilities for what is depicted by the graph?
task A: word completion
task B: cued recall
91
Grounded models of semantic memory argue that
the perceptual system is important for forming concepts, but then they are transduced into symbols stored in LTM
92
How does the strength of a cortical memory trace change over time according to the Complementary Learning Systems theory?
It is weak at the time of encoding, increases in strength for a while, and then begins to decrease in strength.
93
Sanfey et al. (2003)'s Ultimatum Game study found that unfair proposals are more likely to be rejected if
Brain regions associated with emotion are strongly activated
94
Bayes' rule is a mathematical formalism that can be used to
decide how prior beliefs should be updated on the basis of new evidence
95
In propositional network models, a concept is represented by a
node
96
Which of the following statements about the neural bases of memory is true?
Procedural learning and repetition priming involve different brain circuits.
97
Which of the following is a characteristic of implicit memory but not explicit memory? (More than one answer may be correct.)
It is not impaired in amnesia.
It does not require the intention to remember
98
Nader et al.'s (2000) experiment on fear learning in rats revealed that
When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
99
Knowledge of what kind of category would be least likely to be lost early in the course of progressive semantic dementia?
superordinate
100
In the connectionist model of semantic memory, similar concepts are represented by.
both A and B
Similar patters of activation
Nearby points in state space
101
"Coherent covariation" refers to
the consistent co-occurrence of a set of features
102
Which of these statements best illustrates the concept of cognitive economy?
The property can fly is stored at the bird node.
103
Some theorists have questioned whether the embodied approach can explain
How we understand abstract concepts
104
The soundness of a syllogism depends on
both its form and the truth of its premises
105
Normative theories of decision making ignore practical limitations such as the number of options that can be considered and limited access to information about the possible outcomes of those options. Recognition of this fact led to Herbert Simon to introduce the concept of ____.
Bounded rationality.
