Exam 3

Question 1

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

Answer 1

recent and remote episodic

Question 2

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

Answer 2

the hippocampus

Question 3

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain’s___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

Answer 3

Prefrontal cortex

Question 4

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

Answer 4

delay

Question 5

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

Answer 5

reconsolidation

Question 6

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

Answer 6

procedural

Question 7

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

Answer 7

people are not conscious they are using it.

Question 8

A man suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Answer 8

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Question 9

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Answer 9

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Question 10

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

Answer 10

remembering graduating from college

Question 11

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

Answer 11

Systems

Question 12

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

Answer 12

people are not conscious they are using it.

Question 13

The primary difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia concerns whether:

Answer 13

the to-be-remembered event occurred before of after damage to the hippocampus.

Question 14

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

Answer 14

remote

Question 15

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

Answer 15

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

Question 16

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

Answer 16

connectionist

Question 17

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

Answer 17

definitional

Question 18

Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify “a canary is a bird” is _____ the reaction time to verify “an ostrich is a bird.”

Answer 18

the same as

Question 19

In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

Answer 19

node

Question 20

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

Answer 20

subordinate; basic

Question 21

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Answer 21

guitar

Question 22

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

Answer 22

damage to the system doesn’t completely disrupt its operation.

Question 23

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?
(NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
Trial 1: An owl is a bird.
Trial 2: A penguin is a bird.
Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

Answer 23

583: 653: 518 msec

Question 24

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of “chairs” (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

Answer 24

family resemblance.

Question 25

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

Answer 25

strong

Question 26

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

Answer 26

facilitates the response to another stimulus.

Question 27

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Answer 27

Prototype

Question 28

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents)

Answer 28

exemplar

Question 29

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

Answer 29

can fly; bird

Question 30

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units

Answer 30

back propagation

Question 31

One way to increase the percentage of new employees who participate in a retirement savings program is to use a(an)

Answer 31

opt-out procedure

Question 32

According to the conjunction rule

Answer 32

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone

Question 33

A syllogism is valid if

Answer 33

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Question 34

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?

Answer 34

Choosing an entree from a menu

Question 35

Here’s a syllogism:
If it’s a cat then it is a mammal. It is a cat. Therefore, it is a mammal.

In the example above, “Therefore, it is a mammal” is a _________________ of a _________________ syllogism.

Answer 35

conclusion; conditional

Question 36

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

Answer 36

inductive

Question 37

When the “abstract” version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a “concrete” version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

Answer 37

performance is better for the concrete task.

Question 38

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, “If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side.” Let’s say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

Answer 38

A and 13

Question 39

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome

Answer 39

prefrontal cortex; insula

Question 40

The Sanfey et al research on the ultimatum game revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____.

Answer 40

irrational; accepting only high offers

Question 41

To determine Americans’ favorite holiday, the employees of a polling company called hundreds of people at their residences at 1 PM on a randomly chosen Monday in July. The attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. The most commonly chosen holiday was Thanksgiving. Given your text’s discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because

Answer 41

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Question 42

Imagine that your friend Jon has just started smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You know about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health and you point them out to him. Jon says that he doesn’t care because “My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!” You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves

Answer 42

sample size

Question 43

My brother is trying to decide whether or not to take a job in a different city. He is concerned that if he takes the job and doesn’t do well, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of

Answer 43

expected emotion

Question 44

Michelle stops at a gas station to buy a soda. Jolly Good is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Michelle decides to purchase a Jolly Good based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy.

Answer 44

gains; risk-aversion

Question 45

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

Answer 45

availability heuristic