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Dairy Production > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The essence of dairy production is converting _____ into ______

A

(cheap) feed
(valuable) milk

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2
Q

What are the two main approaches (types of system) commonly used in dairy production

A

Confinement
grazing or pasture based

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3
Q

What is the duration of a typical dry period

A

40-60 days

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4
Q

Give a reasonable figure for the lactose content of a Holstein cow’s milk

A

5%

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5
Q

what precursor nutrient is absolutely essential for lactose synthesis

A

glucose

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6
Q

what is the duration of a typical bovine estrus cycle

A

21 days

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7
Q

how many calvings has a primiparous cow gone through

A

one

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8
Q

what is the typical gestation length of a Holstein cow

A

285 days or 9 months

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9
Q

what is the first milk obtained after calving called

A

colostrum

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10
Q

what is typically the greatest operating expense on a dairy farm

A

feed

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11
Q

What is the content of water in typical milk from a Holstein cow

A

87.5%

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12
Q

Using our rules of thumb for milk composition, a cow producing 200 lbs/d will yield how man lbs of milk solids per day

A

25 lbs

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13
Q

what is a reasonable figure for the birth weight of a Holstein calf

A

70-100lbs

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14
Q

what is the target age for first calving of Holstein heifers

A

22-24 months

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15
Q

what somatic cell count is considered a threshold for mastitis

A

200,000 cells

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16
Q

how often are DHI herd tests done

A

monthly

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17
Q

It is more efficient to produce 100 lbs of milk by milking one cow that produces 100lbs a day than to mil 2 cows that each produce 50 lbs per day. This outcome is based on the concept of

A

dilution of maintenance

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18
Q

based on the Dailyn Circle of Excellence, what chore should be done while the lactating cows are in the milking parlor

A

clean beds/stalls
Feed or feed pushups

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19
Q

What are the 3 M’s that we’ve discussed as a means to continuously improve a dairy farm

A

measure
monitor
manage

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20
Q

in the expression, phenotype is the sum of

A

genetics+ environment

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21
Q

About how much of the variation in milk is due to genetics

A

25-30%

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22
Q

Give three examples of environment

A

feed
climate
housing

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23
Q

List two measurements made when screening for respiratory disease in calves

A

eyes, ears, cough, rectal temp

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24
Q

What is the target or benchmark for desired calf growth from birth to weaning

A

double birthweight

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25
Q

What is the parasite that can cause severe diarrhea and is the reason we ALWAYS practice good hygiene and wash hands after handling calves

A

cryptosporidia (crypto)

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26
Q

True or False
Casein makes up the majority of protein in colostrum

A

False
In milk

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27
Q

True or False
Foremost dairy is in a components market so milkfat yield factors into determining the price received for milk. Thus, feeding a bypass fat supplement is a ‘no brainer’, if it improves milkfat content and milk yield

A

False

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28
Q

In which type of milking parlor do the cows ride on a carousel while being milked

A

Rotary

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29
Q

Which milk component varies the least in terms of milk composition of lactating cows

A

milk fat

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30
Q

Average milk production per cow in the US is about

A

22,000lbs per year

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31
Q

Return on asset is greater on

A

Land than cows

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32
Q

For a dairy farm that averages 1200 cows in milk year round, and has an even calving distribution across the year, about how many dry cows would you expect at any time

A

200

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33
Q

How long should predip be left on teats before wiping it off

A

30 seconds

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34
Q

When, after calving, do we expect a cow to reach peak milk production

A

6-8 weeks

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35
Q

At which of the stages is the majority of milk lost or wasted in developed countries

A

Consumption

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36
Q

A properly placed halter should pull tight

A

under the muzzle

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37
Q

At Foremost Dairy, where would one find the far-off dry cows

A

Block house

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38
Q

At Foremost Dairy, in which pen would you find the fresh cows

A

Super High

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39
Q

Based on the Daily Circle of Excellence, in a herd that is milked 3x/Day how many total hours should a cow spend away from her pen for milking

A

3 hours

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40
Q

Which of the milk markets would typically pay the most for a producer’s milk

A

Niche Market

41
Q

You test a blood sample from a calf at 5 d of age and find its plasma total protein is 4.8 g/dL, which represents failure of passive transfer. Which of the following is a reasonable management response?
a) feed it 2 L of high-quality colostrum by esophageal tube feeder
b)feed it 2 L of high-quality colostrum by nipple bottle
c)test it for Johne’s disease
d)be extra vigilant for signs of respiratory disease
e) Review SOPs for newborn calf management

A

Be extra vigilant for signs of respiratory disease

42
Q

Peak milk is an important indicator of total milk yield over a lactation because for every 1 kg increase in peak yield we expect about ____ more kg of milk over the entire lactation

A

200

43
Q

If you want to achieve the desired average at first calving for Holsteins, you should start breeding heifers at

A

13-14 months

44
Q

Second largest operating cost on a dairy farm

A

labor

45
Q

Major cause of morbidity among pre weaned heifer calves

A

diarrhea or other digestive problem

46
Q

What does fore stripping accomplish

A

check for mastitis
Removes somatic cells
stimulates milk let-down

47
Q

Good figure for the average lifespan of a cow in a US Dairy Herd

A

5 years

48
Q

In the mammary gland, what type of cells respond to oxytocin

A

myoepithelial cells

49
Q

Which of the VFAs produced in the rumen is a 3-carbon molecule

A

propionate

50
Q

The ability of a cow to maintain high levels of milk production after peak is called

A

persistency

51
Q

What is the blood vessel that carries absorbed nutrients from the intestines to the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

52
Q

About how much blood has to flow through the mammary glands in order for a cow to produce 100 L of milk

A

400-500 parts of blood per parts of milk
so 50,000L

53
Q

Which of the following is/are involved in digestion, absorption, and metabolism of dietary lipids
Bile
Lipases
Chylomicrons
Liver

A

All of them

54
Q

Lactose makes up what percentage of milk

A

5%

55
Q

Milk fat makes up what percentage of milk

A

4%

56
Q

Protein makes up about what percentage of milk

A

3%

57
Q

What is the average typical length of the estrous cycle in Holstein cows

A

21 days

58
Q

What is the typical gestation length of Holstein cows

A

275 days or 9 months

59
Q

What hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and plays a role in appetite regulation

A

leptin

60
Q

based on the calf growth data collected in lab, which two sets of data have the highest correlation

A

withers height
hip height

61
Q

What is the daily yield of milk fat from a cow that is producing 100 lbs of milk per day

A

4 lbs

62
Q

What part of the milking machine is in immediate, physical contact with the teats

A

inflation or liner

63
Q

Which of the following are crucial adaptations for a transition dairy cow to meet the demand of calcium output into milk?
increased absorption of Ca from the gut
increased retention of Ca by the kidneys
increased mobilization of Ca from bone
increased secretion of calcitonin
increased secretion of PTH

A

All except increased secretion of calcitonin

64
Q

Which of the following are among the factors suspected to contribute to occurrence of LDAs in transition cows?
reduced DMI
Loss of teat sphincter tone
extra room in the abdominal cavity after parturition
mammary gland demand for glucose
immune suppression

A

Reduced dmi
Extra room after parturition

65
Q

The percentage of cows lying properly in a stall out of the total number of cows lying in a stall is known as the

A

CCI

66
Q

Which of the following is the best approximation of th3e respective Rolling Yearly Herd Average for Holstein cows at Foremost Dairy?
34,000 lb/yr of milk
750 lb/yr of milk protein
14,000 lb/yr of milk
2,400 lb/yr of milk fat

A

750 lbs of milk protein

67
Q

Cows that eat fewer, larger meals or so-called slug feeding are more likely to experience which of the following
subacute ruminal acidosis
milk fat depression
increased acetate-propionate ratio in the rumen fluid
greater intake of NDF

A

Subacute ruminate acidosis

68
Q

What is the term for when a cow stands with her front feet in the stall and rear feet in the alley

A

perching

69
Q

in a normal rumen, which VFA should be higher in the acetate:propionate ratio

A

acetate (2:1)

70
Q

What is the major source of protein that enters the small intestine of a dairy cow

A

microbial protein

71
Q

what is a possible mechanism by which hypocalcemia (milk fever) could predispose to retained placenta

A

uterine contractions

72
Q

the process of regurgitating, rechewing and reswallowing partially digested feed is called

A

rumination

73
Q

True or false
feeding grain once a day is ideal because it reduced labor and protects against acidosis

A

false

74
Q

What is the deficient in grass tetany or grass staggers

A

magnesium

75
Q

Why is it recommended that each stall has at least 30 inches of space in front of the neck rail

A

lunge space

76
Q

Which of the following management decisions regarding fresh cows is not plausible?
milk more frequently to increase milk yields
take rectal temperatures daily for 10 days
measure total serum proteins to check for ketosis
use the CMT to check for subclinical mastitis

A

Measure total serum proteins to check for ketosis

77
Q

What is true of ionophores

A

Toxic to horses
Rumensin is one example
Inhibit acetate producing bacteria more than propionate bacteria
Enhance gluconeogenesis
Alter rumen function

78
Q

Metabolism of adipose cells can be altered by controlling the rate of

A

Both lipogenesis and lipolysis

79
Q

What hormone stimulates mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone

A

PTH

80
Q

Which of the following is true of the liver of a cow with fatty liver
greater capacity for gluconeogenesis
predisposes to ketosis
you could probably tell it is fatty liver from its gross appearance at necropsy
predisposed by overfeeding the cow during the dry period
caused by the liver taking up too many ketones

A

Predisposes to ketosis
You could see it on a necropsy
Predisposed by over feeding the cow during the dry period

81
Q

When viewing from the rear, one can see a clear demarcation between sides of the udder called the

A

udder cleft

82
Q

Which of the following typically happens during the transition period in dairy cows?
Cow gets pregnant
cow calves
cow gets dried off
cow starts lactating
cow hits peak lactation
cow is in negative energy balance
cow is bred

A

Cow calves
Cow gets dried off
cow starts lactating
cow hits peak lactation
cow is in negative energy balance

83
Q

How might the change in plasma cortisol levels as shown in the graph below be related to increased incidence of mastitis in transition cows

A
84
Q

What change in milk composition would you expect if you feed lactating cow insufficient fiber

A

reduced milk fat %

85
Q

What vitamin is involved in calcium metabolism

A

vitamin D

86
Q

How would you describe a dairy cow’s energy balance during the first month postpartum

A

negative

87
Q

For every hour less rest than recommended, a cow is expected to lose abo9ut how many lbs of milk production per day

A

2-6lbs/d

88
Q

True/False
Given the chance a cow that is deprived of rest and feed will prioritize eating

A

False

89
Q

True or False
because they are smaller, primiparous cows are more likely to be negatively affected by overstocking

A

True

90
Q

Based on the date presented in lecture, what is the most favorable type of bedding, based on CCI ranking

A

Sand

91
Q

Pros and cons of bedded pack barns

A

Improved cow comfort
Increased longevity

92
Q

Eating take up how much time

A

2-3 hours

93
Q

Resting/rumination takes up how much time

A

12-14 hours

94
Q

Standing, walking, idling takes up how much time

A

5-5.5 hours

95
Q

Drinking takes up how much time

A

0.5 hours

96
Q

Milking and Management takes up how much time

A

2.5-3.5 hours

97
Q

What is the primary cause of ketosis

A

Hypoglycemia

98
Q

True or false
there is a high odds ratio indicating that occurrence of parturient paresis strongly predisposes a cow to complicated ketosis

A

True

Dairy Production (3 decks)

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