Final Exam Flashcards
The essence of dairy production is converting _____ into ______
(cheap) feed
(valuable) milk
What are the two main approaches (types of system) commonly used in dairy production
Confinement
grazing or pasture based
What is the duration of a typical dry period
40-60 days
Give a reasonable figure for the lactose content of a Holstein cow’s milk
5%
what precursor nutrient is absolutely essential for lactose synthesis
glucose
what is the duration of a typical bovine estrus cycle
21 days
how many calvings has a primiparous cow gone through
one
what is the typical gestation length of a Holstein cow
285 days or 9 months
what is the first milk obtained after calving called
colostrum
what is typically the greatest operating expense on a dairy farm
feed
What is the content of water in typical milk from a Holstein cow
87.5%
Using our rules of thumb for milk composition, a cow producing 200 lbs/d will yield how man lbs of milk solids per day
25 lbs
what is a reasonable figure for the birth weight of a Holstein calf
70-100lbs
what is the target age for first calving of Holstein heifers
22-24 months
what somatic cell count is considered a threshold for mastitis
200,000 cells
how often are DHI herd tests done
monthly
It is more efficient to produce 100 lbs of milk by milking one cow that produces 100lbs a day than to mil 2 cows that each produce 50 lbs per day. This outcome is based on the concept of
dilution of maintenance
based on the Dailyn Circle of Excellence, what chore should be done while the lactating cows are in the milking parlor
clean beds/stalls
Feed or feed pushups
What are the 3 M’s that we’ve discussed as a means to continuously improve a dairy farm
measure
monitor
manage
in the expression, phenotype is the sum of
genetics+ environment
About how much of the variation in milk is due to genetics
25-30%
Give three examples of environment
feed
climate
housing
List two measurements made when screening for respiratory disease in calves
eyes, ears, cough, rectal temp
What is the target or benchmark for desired calf growth from birth to weaning
double birthweight
What is the parasite that can cause severe diarrhea and is the reason we ALWAYS practice good hygiene and wash hands after handling calves
cryptosporidia (crypto)
True or False
Casein makes up the majority of protein in colostrum
False
In milk
True or False
Foremost dairy is in a components market so milkfat yield factors into determining the price received for milk. Thus, feeding a bypass fat supplement is a ‘no brainer’, if it improves milkfat content and milk yield
False
In which type of milking parlor do the cows ride on a carousel while being milked
Rotary
Which milk component varies the least in terms of milk composition of lactating cows
milk fat
Average milk production per cow in the US is about
22,000lbs per year
Return on asset is greater on
Land than cows
For a dairy farm that averages 1200 cows in milk year round, and has an even calving distribution across the year, about how many dry cows would you expect at any time
200
How long should predip be left on teats before wiping it off
30 seconds
When, after calving, do we expect a cow to reach peak milk production
6-8 weeks
At which of the stages is the majority of milk lost or wasted in developed countries
Consumption
A properly placed halter should pull tight
under the muzzle
At Foremost Dairy, where would one find the far-off dry cows
Block house
At Foremost Dairy, in which pen would you find the fresh cows
Super High
Based on the Daily Circle of Excellence, in a herd that is milked 3x/Day how many total hours should a cow spend away from her pen for milking
3 hours
Which of the milk markets would typically pay the most for a producer’s milk
Niche Market
You test a blood sample from a calf at 5 d of age and find its plasma total protein is 4.8 g/dL, which represents failure of passive transfer. Which of the following is a reasonable management response?
a) feed it 2 L of high-quality colostrum by esophageal tube feeder
b)feed it 2 L of high-quality colostrum by nipple bottle
c)test it for Johne’s disease
d)be extra vigilant for signs of respiratory disease
e) Review SOPs for newborn calf management
Be extra vigilant for signs of respiratory disease
Peak milk is an important indicator of total milk yield over a lactation because for every 1 kg increase in peak yield we expect about ____ more kg of milk over the entire lactation
200
If you want to achieve the desired average at first calving for Holsteins, you should start breeding heifers at
13-14 months
Second largest operating cost on a dairy farm
labor
Major cause of morbidity among pre weaned heifer calves
diarrhea or other digestive problem
What does fore stripping accomplish
check for mastitis
Removes somatic cells
stimulates milk let-down
Good figure for the average lifespan of a cow in a US Dairy Herd
5 years
In the mammary gland, what type of cells respond to oxytocin
myoepithelial cells
Which of the VFAs produced in the rumen is a 3-carbon molecule
propionate
The ability of a cow to maintain high levels of milk production after peak is called
persistency
What is the blood vessel that carries absorbed nutrients from the intestines to the liver
Hepatic portal vein
About how much blood has to flow through the mammary glands in order for a cow to produce 100 L of milk
400-500 parts of blood per parts of milk
so 50,000L
Which of the following is/are involved in digestion, absorption, and metabolism of dietary lipids
Bile
Lipases
Chylomicrons
Liver
All of them
Lactose makes up what percentage of milk
5%
Milk fat makes up what percentage of milk
4%
Protein makes up about what percentage of milk
3%
What is the average typical length of the estrous cycle in Holstein cows
21 days
What is the typical gestation length of Holstein cows
275 days or 9 months
What hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and plays a role in appetite regulation
leptin
based on the calf growth data collected in lab, which two sets of data have the highest correlation
withers height
hip height
What is the daily yield of milk fat from a cow that is producing 100 lbs of milk per day
4 lbs
What part of the milking machine is in immediate, physical contact with the teats
inflation or liner
Which of the following are crucial adaptations for a transition dairy cow to meet the demand of calcium output into milk?
increased absorption of Ca from the gut
increased retention of Ca by the kidneys
increased mobilization of Ca from bone
increased secretion of calcitonin
increased secretion of PTH
All except increased secretion of calcitonin
Which of the following are among the factors suspected to contribute to occurrence of LDAs in transition cows?
reduced DMI
Loss of teat sphincter tone
extra room in the abdominal cavity after parturition
mammary gland demand for glucose
immune suppression
Reduced dmi
Extra room after parturition
The percentage of cows lying properly in a stall out of the total number of cows lying in a stall is known as the
CCI
Which of the following is the best approximation of th3e respective Rolling Yearly Herd Average for Holstein cows at Foremost Dairy?
34,000 lb/yr of milk
750 lb/yr of milk protein
14,000 lb/yr of milk
2,400 lb/yr of milk fat
750 lbs of milk protein
Cows that eat fewer, larger meals or so-called slug feeding are more likely to experience which of the following
subacute ruminal acidosis
milk fat depression
increased acetate-propionate ratio in the rumen fluid
greater intake of NDF
Subacute ruminate acidosis
What is the term for when a cow stands with her front feet in the stall and rear feet in the alley
perching
in a normal rumen, which VFA should be higher in the acetate:propionate ratio
acetate (2:1)
What is the major source of protein that enters the small intestine of a dairy cow
microbial protein
what is a possible mechanism by which hypocalcemia (milk fever) could predispose to retained placenta
uterine contractions
the process of regurgitating, rechewing and reswallowing partially digested feed is called
rumination
True or false
feeding grain once a day is ideal because it reduced labor and protects against acidosis
false
What is the deficient in grass tetany or grass staggers
magnesium
Why is it recommended that each stall has at least 30 inches of space in front of the neck rail
lunge space
Which of the following management decisions regarding fresh cows is not plausible?
milk more frequently to increase milk yields
take rectal temperatures daily for 10 days
measure total serum proteins to check for ketosis
use the CMT to check for subclinical mastitis
Measure total serum proteins to check for ketosis
What is true of ionophores
Toxic to horses
Rumensin is one example
Inhibit acetate producing bacteria more than propionate bacteria
Enhance gluconeogenesis
Alter rumen function
Metabolism of adipose cells can be altered by controlling the rate of
Both lipogenesis and lipolysis
What hormone stimulates mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone
PTH
Which of the following is true of the liver of a cow with fatty liver
greater capacity for gluconeogenesis
predisposes to ketosis
you could probably tell it is fatty liver from its gross appearance at necropsy
predisposed by overfeeding the cow during the dry period
caused by the liver taking up too many ketones
Predisposes to ketosis
You could see it on a necropsy
Predisposed by over feeding the cow during the dry period
When viewing from the rear, one can see a clear demarcation between sides of the udder called the
udder cleft
Which of the following typically happens during the transition period in dairy cows?
Cow gets pregnant
cow calves
cow gets dried off
cow starts lactating
cow hits peak lactation
cow is in negative energy balance
cow is bred
Cow calves
Cow gets dried off
cow starts lactating
cow hits peak lactation
cow is in negative energy balance
How might the change in plasma cortisol levels as shown in the graph below be related to increased incidence of mastitis in transition cows
What change in milk composition would you expect if you feed lactating cow insufficient fiber
reduced milk fat %
What vitamin is involved in calcium metabolism
vitamin D
How would you describe a dairy cow’s energy balance during the first month postpartum
negative
For every hour less rest than recommended, a cow is expected to lose abo9ut how many lbs of milk production per day
2-6lbs/d
True/False
Given the chance a cow that is deprived of rest and feed will prioritize eating
False
True or False
because they are smaller, primiparous cows are more likely to be negatively affected by overstocking
True
Based on the date presented in lecture, what is the most favorable type of bedding, based on CCI ranking
Sand
Pros and cons of bedded pack barns
Improved cow comfort
Increased longevity
Eating take up how much time
2-3 hours
Resting/rumination takes up how much time
12-14 hours
Standing, walking, idling takes up how much time
5-5.5 hours
Drinking takes up how much time
0.5 hours
Milking and Management takes up how much time
2.5-3.5 hours
What is the primary cause of ketosis
Hypoglycemia
True or false
there is a high odds ratio indicating that occurrence of parturient paresis strongly predisposes a cow to complicated ketosis
True
