Exam 1 Flashcards
In the context of dairy production, dilution of maintenance means
maximizing milk yield per cow
According to the article by Gordie Jones, ideally a cow should not be deprived of access to feed for more than how many hours per day
2
what are the “Three Circles of Excellence” discussed in lecture and in the article by Gordie Jones
The annual cycle
The calf to fresh cycle
The daily circle
Ballpark composition of milk used in this class
4% fat
5% lactose
3% protein
The core business of dairy farming is converting _____ into _____
feed
milk
Scenario: you have 100 cows and their milk yield averages 100 lbs/day
your herd averages 3.5% protein in the milk
milk protein sells for 10 cents/lb
what is the value of the protein in your herd’s milk on this day
35$
Considering the one year circle of excellence, what order of pens should a cow be in if you just observed feet extending from her vulva
Maternity pen
fresh cow group
breeding pen
pregnant cow group
far-off dry cows
close-up dry cows
What is the latest age, in months, that a Holstein heifer can be bred and still meet the goal for age at first calving
15 months
T/F. There is a clear positive relationship between pounds of milk sold per cow and profitability
False
You are a cheese producer and you have the opportunity to purchase milk at the same price per cwt from either a Holstein or a Jersey farm. Based on what you know from these breeds, in general, from which farm would you purchase your milk?
Jersey
What parlor type would you choose if you had a herd of 1000 cows and your goal was to maximize milking efficiency
rotary
Good hygiene is always important on a dairy farm but it is especially important when working with calves to avoid
cryptosporidium
You are working as a milker on a dairy farm. You are milking a double-10 herringbone parlor. You average 5 turns per hour, there are 500 cows to be milked.
how long, in hours, does milking take
5
You are working as a milker on a dairy farm. You are milking a double-10 herringbone parlor. You average 5 turns per hour, there are 500 cows to be milked.
T/F Your rate of 5 turns per hour is very efficient
True
You are working as a milker on a dairy farm. You are milking a double-10 herringbone parlor. You average 5 turns per hour, there are 500 cows to be milked.
what is the largest pen size (how many cows in each pen) you would recommend?
100
Using our rules of thumb for milk composition, a cow producing 200 lbs/d will yield how many lbs of milk solids per day?
25
T/F a cow with a relatively low RFI (residual feed intake) is a good candidate to be culled
False
You wish to calculate your feed efficiency, because you are a true proponent of the 3 M’s. Use the following information to calculate your feed efficiency on the basis of ECM (energy-corrected milk) per unit of DM (dry matter) intake.
ECM = (0.327 x milk pounds) + (12.95 x fat pounds) + (7.2 x protein pounds)
Milk yield = 100 lbs/d; 4% fat; 3% protein.
DM intake = 60 lbs/d
Your efficiency is _____
T/F This efficiency would put you in the middle third of US herds (benchmarking)
1.76
False
T/F The carbon footprint of the dairy industry should be calculated on a per cow basis
False
Where is the most milk loss or waste for each region
Europe
North America
Industrialized Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
North Africa, West and Central Asia
Latin America
Consumption
Consumption
Consumption
Post-harvest
Post-harvest
Post-harvest
Is it more common to comingle lame cows than sick cows?
Yes
Where is the practice of comingling cows more prevalant
small farms
Milk production graph
What does the red line depict?
What does the dotted green line predict?
What does the blue line predict?
Why does the dashed green line drop on day 0?
The difference between the red and blue lines on day 30 explains why early lactation cows are typically in…
Milk yield
body weight
DMI
Parturition
Negative energy balance
Which Q relates to the time of gut closure
Quick
FPT
failure of passive transport
what is the target concentration of IgG in calf’s serum, in mg/ml, that we aim to see as a minimum
10
How do you pronounce Johne’s
Yo-knees
What is the major cause of morbidity among preweaned heifer calves
diarrhea or other digestive problems
Based on NAHMS 2007 survey, what was the average age at weaning across all operations
8.2 weeks
Based on NAHMS 2007 survey, what was the percentage of heifers _____ and cows _____ that experienced either severe or mild dystocia
18.6
10.8
What is the average number of lactations per dairy cow in the US
2.8
About when, expressed in DIM does a cow typically reach peak milk yield
60
After a cow has reached peak yield begins to steadily decline. The term used to describe how well she maintains high levels of production is
persistency of lactation
3 M’s
measure
monitor
manage
Benchmarks
things to reference and compare
KPI
key performance indications
Average milk production per lactation
24,000
World record milk production per laction
75,000
Three circles of Gordie Jones
24 hours
1 year
2 years- heifer development
Why don’t we want cows to lay down after milking
sphincter is open after milking making it a huge mastitis risk
this is why we feed when they get back to the parlor- keeps them standing
How long do we keep a cow away from eating or laying down for milking
1 hour per milking
Most critical group on the farm
Fresh cow group
why is the fresh cow group most critical
big physiological change
metabolic demands
risk of milk fever
VWP
voluntary waiting period
waiting to breed
why do we have a voluntary waiting period
If you try to breed too soon the cow is not cycling and won’t get bred
too late and you lose money
VWP at Foremost
75 days
Why are pen changes stressful
have to reset the pecking order
When do we wean calves
8 weeks
Holstein birthweight average
80-100 lbs
benchmark for weight at weaning
double birthweight
At what age do we want to breed heifers
15 months
at what age do we want heifers to calve
24 months
at what weight should a heifer be at breeding
750 lbs
Two main types of dairying
Confinement
Pasture
Which type of dairying is more costly but more efficient
confinement
Which type of dairying is less costly but less efficient
Pasture/grazing
Dilution of maintenance
increase in milk yield per cow
Where do you get the most return on assets on a dairy farm
cows and land
Why do we feed alfalfa to dairy cows
high protein feed
How have cows changed over time
bigger with higher milk production (genetics and management)
Mostly Holsteins used today
Milk is sold by
weight or volume
Holstein are preferred because
they are a big cow that produces more water than cream which makes it heavier and since milk is sold by weight= more money
Different markets for milk
Component market
fluid market
Niche market
5 main dairy breeds in the US
Holstein
Jersey
Brown Swiss
Guernsey
Ayrshire
Parallel milking parlor
90 degrees
efficient milking
milk from rear between legs
visual ID difficult
Difficult for appraisal of the cow
Space efficient with quick exit
Parabone
70 degrees
Efficient milking
Milk from rear between legs
visual ID difficult
Difficult for visual appraisal of the cow
space efficient
typically on pasture based farm less than 600 cows
not as much control of cow
usually less expensive
Herringbone
30 degrees
efficient milking
milk from side
visual ID good
Visual appraisal of cow good
space inefficient
cows can stack in easily
Walk through
zero degrees
milk from side
visual ID good
excellent visual appraisal of cow
space inefficient
typically smaller herds (less than 80 cows)
Flat barn
inefficient milking
physically demanding on milker
milk from side
visual ID good
Space inefficient
Tie stall
Old school way of doing it
Rotary
efficient milking
milk from rear between legs
visual ID difficult
space efficient
expensive
typically farms larger than 600 cows
1-2 people for it to work
Robotic milking
Efficient
cow decides when to be milked
Visual ID good
Space efficient
Robot capacity based on milk production
Expensive
Cow entry time
10 seconds+1 second per stall
Cow/udder prep
90 seconds with at least 30 seconds pre-dip contact time
Milking time
4 minutes for 1st 25 pounds than 30 seconds per each additional 5 pounds
Detachment
Automatic take off set by time and flow
Post milking procedure
dip/spray every teat with disinfectant
turns per hour
(time per turn/60 minutes) times the number of cows milked per turn
Why is turns per hour important
farm efficiency
time cows spend standing to be milked rather than resting or eating (making milk)
development and design of the farm
major milk components
water
solids-> solids-nonfat, fat, protein, lactose, ash
Water content in milk
87.5%
Fat content in milk
4%
Protein content in milk
3%
lactose content in milk
5%
Ash content in milk
0.5%
What is ash
what is left, noncombustiable things
Overview of lactation- Red line
Milk yield
Overview of lactation- Blue line
DM intake
Overview of lactation- Green Line
body weight
SCC
somatic cell count
Cutoff for mastitis in SCC count
200,000
FCM
Fat corrected milk
ECM
energy corrected milk
Typical range of ECM between the top and bottom thirds of herds in the US
20 pounds milk per day or 76 cents of net farm income/cwt
Which pound of milk is always the most profitable
the last pound of milk
High ECM herds also tend to have
improved 21-day pregnancy rates, lower feed costs/cwt. of milk. fewer days open, fewer death losses and reduced SCC
RFI
residual feed intake
measure of cow efficiency
want a lower number
Maintenance requirement for a Holstein cow
10 Mcal NE/d
BCS
body condition score
The dairy industry must be evaluated on what basis for sustainability
production basis not per cow
US produces
59% more milk with 64% fewer cows
Heart of dairy
turning feed into milk
Heritability of milk production
25% moderately heritable
Heritability
proportion of variation that is due to genetics
Milk consumption in the US is
declining
About how many births have dystocia
10%
3 Q’s of colostrum management
Quality
Quantity
Quickness
Quality
immunoglobulin concentration (Brix)
Quantity
enough MASS of immunoglobulins to ensure adequate blood levels in calf (limit is gut capacity- need high concentration)
Quickness
gut closure in 24 hours
sooner the better
Calves are born with how much immunity
none must get it from colostrum
Active immunity
calf makes the antibodies
Passive immunity
comes from mom’s milk
High risk period in calves
when passive immunity leaves but active immunity is not yet happening
1000 mg/dl is how many mg/ml
10
How do we find the ideal calf survival serum IgG
compare to grown animals to find normal
How to pronounce Johne’s
Yo-knees
SLO
social license to operate
What is a SLO
perceptions of local stakeholders that a far operates in a given area or region is socially acceptable or legitimate
Average number of lactations for a dairy cow is
2.8
dairy cows are in the herd for about
60 months or little over 5 years
Cows that just calved end up in a
negative energy balance
Transition milk
first few milkings after colostrum, milk not yet mature
FPT
failure of passive transport
Precursor to Fat
Fatty acids
Precursor to protein
amino acids
Precursor to lactose
glucose
Precursor to minerals
calcium
Precursor SCC
white blood cells made in bone marrow
1st lactation animals have
lower peak but greater persistency
Parts of the udder
Sphincter muscle
teat
teat cistern
gland cistern
ductal tree
alveoli
Median suspensatory ligament
capillary
myoepithelial cells
epithelial cells
Factors affecting milk yield
management
genetic potential
stage of lactation
parity (age)
How to increase milking
Photoperiod- long days during lactation, short days during dry
IMF- increased milking frequency
Heat abatement
Oxytocin- illegal
Bovine somatotropin- (no added hormone milk)
Accelerated calf rearing
superior genetics
Major costs in dairying
feed, labor, debt
Essential components for machine milking
vacuum creation and control
pulsation
milking cluster
storage unit
Milking cluster
Holds the inflations, teat cups, hoses
combines vacuum and pulsated air system
Inflation or teat cup liner
provides massage during the rest phase of the pulsation cycle
must be changed regularly
Teat cup or shell
provides a rigid shell so the inflation can open and collapse with pulsations
connected to the pulsation system via the short air hose
numerous types
Short milk hose
delivers milk from within the rigid teat cup to the claw
extension of the inflation
Claw or milk bowl
collects milk from inflation via short milk hose, sends milk to pipeline via long milk hose
Long air pulsation hose
brings air to pulsator to claw allowing control of milk and rest phases of milking cycle by alternating air and vacuum in the teat cup
long milk hose
deliver milk from the claw to the milk pipeline
milk pipeline
carry milk and air from the long milk hose to the receiver
stratified flow
turbulent flow or milk slugs causes systemic vacuum fluctuations
Receiver Jar
Separates milk and atmospheric air arriving from the milk pipeline
Lactose is osmolyte meaning
it draws water
a 1 kg in peak milk yield=
200 kg milk yield for an entire lactation
Majority of problems occur during
very early lactation
Why is the most trouble in the transition period
increased need very quickly
Predip does what
sanitizes the teat
postdip does what
sanitizes and prevents mastitis
