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Dairy Production > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In the context of dairy production, dilution of maintenance means

A

maximizing milk yield per cow

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2
Q

According to the article by Gordie Jones, ideally a cow should not be deprived of access to feed for more than how many hours per day

A

2

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3
Q

what are the “Three Circles of Excellence” discussed in lecture and in the article by Gordie Jones

A

The annual cycle
The calf to fresh cycle
The daily circle

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4
Q

Ballpark composition of milk used in this class

A

4% fat
5% lactose
3% protein

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5
Q

The core business of dairy farming is converting _____ into _____

A

feed
milk

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6
Q

Scenario: you have 100 cows and their milk yield averages 100 lbs/day
your herd averages 3.5% protein in the milk
milk protein sells for 10 cents/lb
what is the value of the protein in your herd’s milk on this day

A

35$

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7
Q

Considering the one year circle of excellence, what order of pens should a cow be in if you just observed feet extending from her vulva

A

Maternity pen
fresh cow group
breeding pen
pregnant cow group
far-off dry cows
close-up dry cows

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8
Q

What is the latest age, in months, that a Holstein heifer can be bred and still meet the goal for age at first calving

A

15 months

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9
Q

T/F. There is a clear positive relationship between pounds of milk sold per cow and profitability

A

False

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10
Q

You are a cheese producer and you have the opportunity to purchase milk at the same price per cwt from either a Holstein or a Jersey farm. Based on what you know from these breeds, in general, from which farm would you purchase your milk?

A

Jersey

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11
Q

What parlor type would you choose if you had a herd of 1000 cows and your goal was to maximize milking efficiency

A

rotary

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12
Q

Good hygiene is always important on a dairy farm but it is especially important when working with calves to avoid

A

cryptosporidium

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13
Q

You are working as a milker on a dairy farm. You are milking a double-10 herringbone parlor. You average 5 turns per hour, there are 500 cows to be milked.
how long, in hours, does milking take

A

5

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14
Q

You are working as a milker on a dairy farm. You are milking a double-10 herringbone parlor. You average 5 turns per hour, there are 500 cows to be milked.
T/F Your rate of 5 turns per hour is very efficient

A

True

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15
Q

You are working as a milker on a dairy farm. You are milking a double-10 herringbone parlor. You average 5 turns per hour, there are 500 cows to be milked.
what is the largest pen size (how many cows in each pen) you would recommend?

A

100

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16
Q

Using our rules of thumb for milk composition, a cow producing 200 lbs/d will yield how many lbs of milk solids per day?

A

25

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17
Q

T/F a cow with a relatively low RFI (residual feed intake) is a good candidate to be culled

A

False

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18
Q

You wish to calculate your feed efficiency, because you are a true proponent of the 3 M’s. Use the following information to calculate your feed efficiency on the basis of ECM (energy-corrected milk) per unit of DM (dry matter) intake.

ECM = (0.327 x milk pounds) + (12.95 x fat pounds) + (7.2 x protein pounds)

Milk yield = 100 lbs/d; 4% fat; 3% protein.

DM intake = 60 lbs/d
Your efficiency is _____
T/F This efficiency would put you in the middle third of US herds (benchmarking)

A

1.76
False

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19
Q

T/F The carbon footprint of the dairy industry should be calculated on a per cow basis

A

False

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20
Q

Where is the most milk loss or waste for each region

Europe
North America
Industrialized Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
North Africa, West and Central Asia
Latin America

A

Consumption
Consumption
Consumption
Post-harvest
Post-harvest
Post-harvest

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21
Q

Is it more common to comingle lame cows than sick cows?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Where is the practice of comingling cows more prevalant

A

small farms

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23
Q

Milk production graph
What does the red line depict?
What does the dotted green line predict?
What does the blue line predict?
Why does the dashed green line drop on day 0?
The difference between the red and blue lines on day 30 explains why early lactation cows are typically in…

A

Milk yield
body weight
DMI
Parturition
Negative energy balance

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24
Q

Which Q relates to the time of gut closure

A

Quick

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25
FPT
failure of passive transport
26
what is the target concentration of IgG in calf's serum, in mg/ml, that we aim to see as a minimum
10
27
How do you pronounce Johne's
Yo-knees
28
What is the major cause of morbidity among preweaned heifer calves
diarrhea or other digestive problems
29
Based on NAHMS 2007 survey, what was the average age at weaning across all operations
8.2 weeks
30
Based on NAHMS 2007 survey, what was the percentage of heifers _____ and cows _____ that experienced either severe or mild dystocia
18.6 10.8
31
What is the average number of lactations per dairy cow in the US
2.8
32
About when, expressed in DIM does a cow typically reach peak milk yield
60
33
After a cow has reached peak yield begins to steadily decline. The term used to describe how well she maintains high levels of production is
persistency of lactation
34
3 M's
measure monitor manage
35
Benchmarks
things to reference and compare
36
KPI
key performance indications
37
Average milk production per lactation
24,000
38
World record milk production per laction
75,000
39
Three circles of Gordie Jones
24 hours 1 year 2 years- heifer development
40
Why don't we want cows to lay down after milking
sphincter is open after milking making it a huge mastitis risk this is why we feed when they get back to the parlor- keeps them standing
41
How long do we keep a cow away from eating or laying down for milking
1 hour per milking
42
Most critical group on the farm
Fresh cow group
43
why is the fresh cow group most critical
big physiological change metabolic demands risk of milk fever
44
VWP
voluntary waiting period waiting to breed
45
why do we have a voluntary waiting period
If you try to breed too soon the cow is not cycling and won't get bred too late and you lose money
46
VWP at Foremost
75 days
47
Why are pen changes stressful
have to reset the pecking order
48
When do we wean calves
8 weeks
49
Holstein birthweight average
80-100 lbs
50
benchmark for weight at weaning
double birthweight
51
At what age do we want to breed heifers
15 months
52
at what age do we want heifers to calve
24 months
53
at what weight should a heifer be at breeding
750 lbs
54
Two main types of dairying
Confinement Pasture
55
Which type of dairying is more costly but more efficient
confinement
56
Which type of dairying is less costly but less efficient
Pasture/grazing
57
Dilution of maintenance
increase in milk yield per cow
58
Where do you get the most return on assets on a dairy farm
cows and land
59
Why do we feed alfalfa to dairy cows
high protein feed
60
How have cows changed over time
bigger with higher milk production (genetics and management) Mostly Holsteins used today
61
Milk is sold by
weight or volume
62
Holstein are preferred because
they are a big cow that produces more water than cream which makes it heavier and since milk is sold by weight= more money
63
Different markets for milk
Component market fluid market Niche market
64
5 main dairy breeds in the US
Holstein Jersey Brown Swiss Guernsey Ayrshire
65
Parallel milking parlor
90 degrees efficient milking milk from rear between legs visual ID difficult Difficult for appraisal of the cow Space efficient with quick exit
66
Parabone
70 degrees Efficient milking Milk from rear between legs visual ID difficult Difficult for visual appraisal of the cow space efficient typically on pasture based farm less than 600 cows not as much control of cow usually less expensive
67
Herringbone
30 degrees efficient milking milk from side visual ID good Visual appraisal of cow good space inefficient cows can stack in easily
68
Walk through
zero degrees milk from side visual ID good excellent visual appraisal of cow space inefficient typically smaller herds (less than 80 cows)
69
Flat barn
inefficient milking physically demanding on milker milk from side visual ID good Space inefficient Tie stall Old school way of doing it
70
Rotary
efficient milking milk from rear between legs visual ID difficult space efficient expensive typically farms larger than 600 cows 1-2 people for it to work
71
Robotic milking
Efficient cow decides when to be milked Visual ID good Space efficient Robot capacity based on milk production Expensive
72
Cow entry time
10 seconds+1 second per stall
73
Cow/udder prep
90 seconds with at least 30 seconds pre-dip contact time
74
Milking time
4 minutes for 1st 25 pounds than 30 seconds per each additional 5 pounds
75
Detachment
Automatic take off set by time and flow
76
Post milking procedure
dip/spray every teat with disinfectant
77
turns per hour
(time per turn/60 minutes) times the number of cows milked per turn
78
Why is turns per hour important
farm efficiency time cows spend standing to be milked rather than resting or eating (making milk) development and design of the farm
79
major milk components
water solids-> solids-nonfat, fat, protein, lactose, ash
80
Water content in milk
87.5%
81
Fat content in milk
4%
82
Protein content in milk
3%
83
lactose content in milk
5%
84
Ash content in milk
0.5%
85
What is ash
what is left, noncombustiable things
86
Overview of lactation- Red line
Milk yield
87
Overview of lactation- Blue line
DM intake
88
Overview of lactation- Green Line
body weight
89
SCC
somatic cell count
90
Cutoff for mastitis in SCC count
200,000
91
FCM
Fat corrected milk
92
ECM
energy corrected milk
93
Typical range of ECM between the top and bottom thirds of herds in the US
20 pounds milk per day or 76 cents of net farm income/cwt
94
Which pound of milk is always the most profitable
the last pound of milk
95
High ECM herds also tend to have
improved 21-day pregnancy rates, lower feed costs/cwt. of milk. fewer days open, fewer death losses and reduced SCC
96
RFI
residual feed intake measure of cow efficiency want a lower number
97
Maintenance requirement for a Holstein cow
10 Mcal NE/d
98
BCS
body condition score
99
The dairy industry must be evaluated on what basis for sustainability
production basis not per cow
100
US produces
59% more milk with 64% fewer cows
101
Heart of dairy
turning feed into milk
102
Heritability of milk production
25% moderately heritable
103
Heritability
proportion of variation that is due to genetics
104
Milk consumption in the US is
declining
105
About how many births have dystocia
10%
106
3 Q's of colostrum management
Quality Quantity Quickness
107
Quality
immunoglobulin concentration (Brix)
108
Quantity
enough MASS of immunoglobulins to ensure adequate blood levels in calf (limit is gut capacity- need high concentration)
109
Quickness
gut closure in 24 hours sooner the better
110
Calves are born with how much immunity
none must get it from colostrum
111
Active immunity
calf makes the antibodies
112
Passive immunity
comes from mom's milk
113
High risk period in calves
when passive immunity leaves but active immunity is not yet happening
114
1000 mg/dl is how many mg/ml
10
115
How do we find the ideal calf survival serum IgG
compare to grown animals to find normal
116
How to pronounce Johne's
Yo-knees
117
SLO
social license to operate
118
What is a SLO
perceptions of local stakeholders that a far operates in a given area or region is socially acceptable or legitimate
119
Average number of lactations for a dairy cow is
2.8
120
dairy cows are in the herd for about
60 months or little over 5 years
121
Cows that just calved end up in a
negative energy balance
122
Transition milk
first few milkings after colostrum, milk not yet mature
123
FPT
failure of passive transport
124
Precursor to Fat
Fatty acids
125
Precursor to protein
amino acids
126
Precursor to lactose
glucose
127
Precursor to minerals
calcium
128
Precursor SCC
white blood cells made in bone marrow
129
1st lactation animals have
lower peak but greater persistency
130
Parts of the udder
Sphincter muscle teat teat cistern gland cistern ductal tree alveoli Median suspensatory ligament capillary myoepithelial cells epithelial cells
131
Factors affecting milk yield
management genetic potential stage of lactation parity (age)
132
How to increase milking
Photoperiod- long days during lactation, short days during dry IMF- increased milking frequency Heat abatement Oxytocin- illegal Bovine somatotropin- (no added hormone milk) Accelerated calf rearing superior genetics
133
Major costs in dairying
feed, labor, debt
134
Essential components for machine milking
vacuum creation and control pulsation milking cluster storage unit
135
Milking cluster
Holds the inflations, teat cups, hoses combines vacuum and pulsated air system
136
Inflation or teat cup liner
provides massage during the rest phase of the pulsation cycle must be changed regularly
137
Teat cup or shell
provides a rigid shell so the inflation can open and collapse with pulsations connected to the pulsation system via the short air hose numerous types
138
Short milk hose
delivers milk from within the rigid teat cup to the claw extension of the inflation
139
Claw or milk bowl
collects milk from inflation via short milk hose, sends milk to pipeline via long milk hose
140
Long air pulsation hose
brings air to pulsator to claw allowing control of milk and rest phases of milking cycle by alternating air and vacuum in the teat cup
141
long milk hose
deliver milk from the claw to the milk pipeline
142
milk pipeline
carry milk and air from the long milk hose to the receiver stratified flow turbulent flow or milk slugs causes systemic vacuum fluctuations
143
Receiver Jar
Separates milk and atmospheric air arriving from the milk pipeline
144
Lactose is osmolyte meaning
it draws water
145
a 1 kg in peak milk yield=
200 kg milk yield for an entire lactation
146
Majority of problems occur during
very early lactation
147
Why is the most trouble in the transition period
increased need very quickly
148
Predip does what
sanitizes the teat
149
postdip does what
sanitizes and prevents mastitis

Dairy Production (3 decks)

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