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Dairy Production > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

quarters or glands

A

The four parts of the udder

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1
Q

Udder

A

the mammary gland

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2
Q

mammary fat pad

A

essential for development of the mammary epithelium, providing signals that mediate ductal morphogenesis and, probably, alveolar differentiation

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3
Q

udder cleft

A

the anterior junction between the udder and the abdominal wall or between the front quarters

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4
Q

lateral suspensory ligaments

A

provide substantial support for the udder

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5
Q

teat

A

the projection from the mammary glands of mammals from which milk flows or is ejected for the purpose of feeding young

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6
Q

streak canal

A

The only orifice of the gland between internal milk secretory system and the external environment

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7
Q

sphincter muscle

A

The circular smooth muscles in their contracted state function to maintain tight closure of the teat canal between milkings to prevent leakage, and to keep keratin occluding the canal lumen compressed as an aid in preventing bacteria from progressing upward into the teat cistern

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8
Q

Mammary alveolus/alveoli

A

hollow cavities, a few millimeters large

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9
Q

Alveolar epithelial cell is

A

the secretory cell lining the alveoli

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10
Q

Ductal epithelial cells

A

the epithelial cell lining of the pancreatic duct that deliver enzymes from the acinar cells to the duodenum

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11
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

modified epithelial cells found in sweat, mammary, salivary, lacrimal, and tracheobronchial glands

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12
Q

endothelial cells

A

lining the blood vessel

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13
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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14
Q

Blood supply flow

A

artery
arteriole
capillaries
venules
veins

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15
Q

Diffusion of nutrients

A

uptake by cells
removal of waste

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16
Q

Lumen

A
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17
Q

Direction of milk flow

A

Alveoli
ducts
gland cistern
teat cistern

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18
Q

How do nutrients get from feed to the mammary gland

A

digestion
absorption
metabolism
circulatory and blood flow

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19
Q

what do ruminants do best

A

forage

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20
Q

Glucose-sparing

A

try to not use glucose if we can help it

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21
Q

2 organs that need glucose

A

brain
mammary gland

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22
Q

Rate-limiting

A

1st limiting

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23
Q

Dilution of maintenance

A

efficiency

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24
Q

Homeorhesis

A

setting metabolism and physiology to support a specific function

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25
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance

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26
Q

Metabolic disorders

A

what we get when the shift from dry cow to lactating doesn’t work

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27
Q

Near the end of gestation, the growing fetus demand how much of the cows energy

A

around 10%

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28
Q

At peak lactation, the lactating mammary gland demands how much of the cows energy

A

about 80%

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29
Q

Pre-absorptive organs

A

Mouth and esophagus
Reticulo-Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum
small intestine
large intestine

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30
Q

Function of mouth

A

wetting and mastication (chewing)
Rumination
Grazing

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31
Q

Rumination

A

cud-chewing
regurgitate bolus or cud

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32
Q

Function of esophagus

A

swallowing food
getting it to the rumen

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33
Q

Function of the Reticulo-Rumen

A

Cellulose degradation via fermentative digestion. Rumen bacteria produce cellulose.
VFA production
Less complex CHO fermented
Protein digestion begins
non-protein nitrogen used to produce bacterial protein
water soluble vitamins produced by rumen microorganisms
increase in gut fill with lactation

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34
Q

VFA’s

A

volatile fatty acids
volatile- means they can evaporate and be absorbed through the rumen wall into the blood stream

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35
Q

Rumen is not entirely ___ because it can absorb VFA’s through the wall

A

pre-absorptive

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36
Q

the three VFA’s

A

acetate
propionate
butyrate

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37
Q

There is how many lipids in the diet

A

limited, most likely saturated in low pH rumen
come from seed oils, oils in plants

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38
Q

Protein consumed ____ Protein digested

A

does not equal

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39
Q

digesta entering the omasum is

A

high in protein and lipid
low in carbs- converted into VFAs in reticulo-rumen

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40
Q

Omasum function

A

unsure
say absorbing water
concentrates digesta

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41
Q

Abomasum function

A

chemical digestion of proteins by HCl and pepsin in the abomasum

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42
Q

Small intestine function

A

extensive enzymatic digestion of peptides, amino acids then absorbed and enter hepatic portal circulation

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43
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

making glucose
happens in the liver
critical to metabolism

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44
Q

Duodenum function (part of small intestine)

A

bile salts secreted to emulsify triglycerides

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45
Q

Lipase

A

act to produce free fatty acids, mono- and di- glycerides which are absorbed into epithelial cells of the small intestine

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46
Q

With lactation what changes happen to the omasum, abomasum, and SI

A

increase in size

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47
Q

Cycle of bile

A

made in liver
stored in gallbladder
released when lipid is in the tract
emulsify lipids so the lipase can access the smaller parts (more surface area)

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48
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and minerals
fermentation occurs, provides some energy via VFA’s absorbed across intestinal wall

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49
Q

Water absorption increases with

A

lactation

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50
Q

Homeorhetic shift in dairy cows

A

in partitioning of nutrients toward mammary gland at onset of lactation

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51
Q

Preabsorption is all about

A

ingestion and digestion

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52
Q

Liver is

A

central!

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53
Q

Postabsorptive metabolism

A

nutrients absorbed from gut
carried by portal vein to liver
then other organs

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54
Q

How much blood does it take to support 1 volume of milk production

A

500 volumes

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55
Q

Mammary gland metabolism does what during lactation

A

pulls perfusion

56
Q

Plasma volume does what to accommodate demand for mammary perfusion

A

increases

57
Q

mammary gland pulls

A

nutrients

58
Q

Preabsorption is about

A

ingestion and digestion

59
Q

Postabsorptive Metabolism

A

nutrients absorbed from the gut
carried by portal vein to liver
Liver is central!
Then to other organs

60
Q

Storage depot for fatty acids

A

fat

61
Q

storage depot for amino acids

A

muscle protein

62
Q

storage depot for glucose

A

glycogen and in fat

63
Q

storage depot for calcium and phosphate

A

bone

64
Q

Job of the Kidney

A

Filters the blood
produces urine
reabsorption of water

65
Q

Water intake does what with onset of lactation

A

increases
milk is 88% water, so water intake is crucial

66
Q

How does the kidney change during lactation

A

adjust to reduce water excretion

67
Q

Job of the liver

A

gluconeogenesis
nutrient partitioning of carbs, protein, and fat

68
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

drains GIT and delivers absorbed nutrients

69
Q

precursor for hepatic gluconeogenesis

A

propionate

70
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

making a string of glucose- glycogen for storage

71
Q

Fatty liver is caused by

A

liver picking up fatty acids to package it but there is a lack of glucose so it stores the fat instead

72
Q

What provides energy source and substrate for fatty acid synthesis

A

acetate and butyrate
propionate is used for gluconeogenesis

73
Q

What is synthesized in the liver

A

triglycerides

74
Q

Ionophores do what

A

increase propionate and decrease acetate-leads to increased milk

75
Q

Leptin does what

A

regulates appetite

76
Q

Adipose tissues major function

A

store fat/energy
mobilize fat/energy

77
Q

Job of bones

A

structural framework
mineral reserve

78
Q

What hormone stimulates calcium uptake at the gut and mobilization from the bone

A

parathyroid hormone

79
Q

Calcitonin does what

A

prevents elevated calcium in blood

80
Q

Milk fever happens when

A

mammary gland hog the blood calcium
muscles need calcium to contract
heart is a muscle

81
Q

How do we prevent milk fever for dry cows

A

dry cow diet that puts the cow in mobilization mode not by feeding calcium

82
Q

The mammary gland needs what to make lactose

A

glucose

83
Q

Glucose sparing mechanisms include

A

acetate utilization for energy
no pathway for glucose use for lipogenesis
glucose used for lactose synthesis in mammary epithelial cells

84
Q

Mammary glands uptake of amino acids does what during lactation

A

increases

85
Q

First limiting in milk production

A

methionine and lysine

86
Q

UIP

A

undegradable intake protein
may improve available amino acid supply

87
Q

Composition of milk

A

Total solids-12%
-Lactose 5%
-Fat 4%
-Protein 3%

88
Q

milk fat is how much triglycerides

A

98%

89
Q

milk protein is how much casein

A

80%

90
Q

Fatty acids we need to make triglycerides come from

A

circulation (blood from the adipose tissue)
mammary glands (make their own)

91
Q

In early lactation cows are in

A

a negative energy balance because the DMI cannot match output

92
Q

Cow comfort is good for

A

farm reports
-good example of how investment/management
-how much money does a management problem cost

93
Q

We design stalls so that

A

cows lay naturally and comfortably but poop in the alleyway

94
Q

Diagonal lying check list

A

is the stall too short
is there a front lunge or bob zone space obstruction
does the loop design promote side lunge
is the brisket locator higher than 4 inches
is the brisket locator too close to the rear curb
is the neck rail too close to the rear curb
is there a social obstruction

95
Q

goal of cow comfort

A

create an environment that allows the cow to carry out natural behaviors with consideration of management constraints
improve productivity and efficiency

96
Q

Social hierarchy

A

pecking order

97
Q

primiparious

A

1st calving

98
Q

multiparious

A

more than one calvings

99
Q

stocking/density rate

A

how many cows per pen

100
Q

pen moves

A

stressful
change which cow is with which cow

101
Q

turnover rate

A

how quickly you make pen moves

102
Q

what type of barn does Foremost have in terms of stall rows

A

4 rows, head to head

103
Q

CCI

A

cow comfort index
cows lying properly/cows in a stall X 100
Goal 80%, top herds can achieve 90%

104
Q

RI

A

rumination index
cows chewing cuds/cows in stalls X 100
Goal 50% of cows lying down should be chewing cud, top herds can achieve 65%

105
Q

SSI

A

stall standing index

106
Q

SUI

A

stall use index

107
Q

Knee-drop test

A

a way to test the comfort of the bedding in the stalls by dropping to your knees

108
Q

Behaviors associated with Cow comfort

A

eating
resting
rumination
drinking
social
grooming

109
Q

Factors that affect behavior and time budgets

A

facility design
stocking density
time spent away from the pen
length of time spent confined
grouping strategies/competition
ventilation, temp, humididty
human interaction

110
Q

Daily time spent eating

A

5-5.5 hours

111
Q

Daily time spent Resting/rumination

A

12-14 hours

112
Q

Daily time spent standing, walking, idling, grooming, social, estrus

A

2-3 hours

113
Q

daily time spent drinking

A

0.5 hours

114
Q

hours needed per day for natural behviors

A

20.5-21.5 hours

115
Q

Cows will sacrifice what if their resting time is not adequate

A

feeding

116
Q

Cows will spend more time waiting for a place to lie down than eating when they are

A

overstocked

117
Q

Resting and rumination is associated with

A

greater DMI and milk yields

118
Q

increased rumination is associated with

A

rumen health and milk fat yield

119
Q

maximize DMI by

A

encouraging more meals and avoiding fewer, larger meals

120
Q

Factors affecting number and size of meals

A

competition
inconsistent feeding schedule
infrequent pushups
heat stress
inadequate lying time

121
Q

Fewer and larger meals result in

A

reduced rumen health and feed efficiency

122
Q

SARA

A

sub-acute ruminal acidosis

123
Q

Rumen pH drops because

A

Microbes start making lactic acid instead of VFAs

124
Q

Sand is used in beddings because it is

A

inorganic
can not host microorganisms

125
Q

Natural resting postures

A

long
short
wide
narrow

126
Q

Rising motion of a cow

A

lunge-bob

127
Q

Mature Holstein needs ___ of lunge space for normal rising

A

30 inches

128
Q

Attention needs of the cow has a

A

low cost compared to the return on investment

129
Q

Perching

A

a cow with her front legs in the stall but back legs in the alley

130
Q

Defensible resource

A

resources such as water, feed bunk, or stalls that the cows will fight over

131
Q

Bedded Pack Barns

A

has no stalls just a bedding area
ventilation is important
should not overstock for it to work

132
Q

Benefits of bedded pack barns

A

improved cow comfort and cleanliness
low maintenance
improved feet and legs
decreased SCC
increased heat detection
increased production
less odor and fewer flies
increased longevity
low investment costs
less concern with cow size
improved manure value for crops

133
Q

Overstocking advantages and disadvantages

A

beneficial to return on facility investment
reduces the ability to express natural behavior

134
Q

Transition Cow metabolic disorders

A

milk fever
ketosis
fatty liver
displaced abomasum (LDA or RDA)
-related- Mastitis, retained placenta, metritis

135
Q

What is a transition cow

A

periparturient cow
Dry-calving-lactating

136
Q

Goldilocks diet

A

feeding straw as a filler

137
Q

dry cows should eat how much

A

2% of their body weight

Dairy Production (3 decks)

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