final exam Flashcards
Who created psychodynamic/psychoanalysis?
Freud
What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy
to make the unconscious conscious
what is the mechanism of change in psychodynamic therapy
insight
Free association
psychodynamic psychotherapists simply ask clients to say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves at all
Freudian slips
Psychodynamic psychotherapists who witness a client’s slips of the tongue during a session or who hear clients’ stories of such events may be able to glimpse the clients’ underlying intentions. Although most examples of Freudian slips are verbal, they can be behavioral as well
dreams
Freud theorized that when we sleep, our minds convert latent content (the raw thoughts and feelings of the unconscious) to manifest content (the actual plot of the dream as we remember it). This process, called dream work, uses symbols to express wishes, which can result in unconscious wishes appearing in a very distorted or disguised form.
resistance (dynamic)
When clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly, they feel anxious. That anxiety motivates them to create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings.
defense Mechanisms
Psychodynamic psychotherapists believe that by identifying clients’ unconscious defense mechanisms and bringing them into the clients’ awareness, they can improve the quality of their clients’ lives
purpose of a dream acc to Freud
dreams bring repressed wishes to the surface so the dreamer can confront and reconcile their repressed feeelings
manifest dream
actual literal content of the dream
latent dream
hidden meaning of the dream
common defense mechanisms
repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, sublimation
repression
Someone may have an intense desire to murder. Instead of acting on it, they may repress that feeling until it is no longer in their conscious awareness.
-id has impulse, superego says no, ego represses it
projection
In an argument with her friend, a woman gets accused of being too insensitive to others issues. In turn, she may proclaim that it is in fact her friends that are the insensitive ones and not her. She has projected this unwanted self-concept of insensitivity from herself, to her friends.
-id has impulse, superego rejects it, ego projects id impulse onto others
reaction formation
The person you absolutely despises approaches you. Instead of conveying your true feeling of hate towards them, you are overly nice, and show compassion towards them. Being overtly nice helps to mask the unwanted feeling of hate you actually have for them. Additionally, this helps to improve your self-image to others as well.
-id has impulse, superego rejects, ego does the opposite
Displacement
A college student may be overloaded with schoolwork that is making them anxious and frustrated. Instead of taking it up with their professors who assigned so much work, they go home and yell at their mother for not having dinner ready whenever they got home. Their mother is the substitute target to the frustration their professors gave when they assigned so much work.
-id has impulse, superego rejects, ego displaces id towards a safe target
-kicking the dog
Sublimation
Someone who has experienced an extreme trauma may use their experience to help others instead of compensating for it. A women who was abused by her significant other may join help groups to help women in need, instead of denying or repressing what happened to her.
-id has impulse, superego rejects, ego puts it towards something good
transference
transfer of feelings, expectations, and assumptions from early relationships to the therapist
oral stage
1-1 1/2 of childs life
mouth the focus
oral issues+interpersonal problems
anal stage
1 1/2-3 years
control central issue
neat freak or slob tendencies
phallic stage
3-6 years
oedipus and electra complexes
self-worth key consequence
brief psychodynamic therapy is successful when
-less than 24 sessions
-probs are mild and narrowly defined
-therapist is active
-focus is on the present rather than solely on the past
Interpersonal therapy (dynam) developed by?
harry stack sullivan in the 1980s
interpersonal therapy (dynam) created to treat what
depression, but now used for other disorders
How long does interpersonal therapy last
14-20 sessions
Interpersonal therapy assumption
assumption the depression happens w/in the context of interpersonal relationships
interpersonal social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
designed to treat bipolar disorder
augments ipt to control and stabilize daily rhythms and social interactions
first stage of ipsrt
(2 sessions) categorizes client’s problems into one of 4 categories: role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal deficits, and grief)
intermediate sessions of ipsrt
(10-12 sessions) emphasizes improving client’s problems as identified in the first stage. common psychodynamic methods used. focus on current emotions, transference and resistance. also includes education
final stage of ipsrt
(2-4 session) reviews the clients accomplishments, recognition of capacity to succeed w/out therapist, prevent relapse
who created humanistic therapy
Carl Rogers
humanistic psychotherapy other names
client-centered therapy or Rogerian therapy
humanistic mechanism of change
self-actualization
what people need to self-actualize
positive regard- warmth, love, acceptance of those around us
prizing-receiving positive regard from others
the real self
who you currently are
the ideal self
the person you would like to be
goal of humanistic psychotherapy
foster self-actualization
incongruence (human)
discrepancy b/t real self and ideal self
congruence (human)
a match b/t the real and ideal self
elements of humanistic therapy
empathy, unconditional pos regard, and genuineness
empathy (elem of human)
deep, nonjudgmental understanding of client’s experiences
unconditional pos regard (elem of human)
full acceptance of another person
facilitates higher levels of congruence and self-actualization
genuineness
also called therapist congruence
helps therapist establish a real relationship
humanists encourage a relatively high degree of transparency by the therapist
Attitude’s, not behaviors (human)
humanists view the 3 elements as attitudes, not behaviors. its how a therapist should be w/clients, not what they should do
Humanistic technique: reflection
rephrasing or restating the client’s statement in a way that reflects the client’s feelings or emotions
Humanistic: simple reflections
repetition: repeat w/out adding something new
rephrase: slight rephrase, adding to and building on what was said
Humanistic: amplified reflections
paraphrasing: drawing together the meaning and repeating it back
reflection of feeling: emphasezes the emotions
Existential psychotherapy (human)
place emphasis on clients abilities to overcome meaninglessness by creating their own meaning
therapists encourage clients to make choices true to themselves
Existential psychotherapy created by
Irv Yalom
Gestalt therapy (human)
includes both mentla and physical perceptions
-focus on present moment, not so much on the past
Motivational interviewing (human)
og developed for substance abuse
therapists dont pressure client to change
Motivational interviewing central principles
empathy, developing discrepancy, avoiding augmentation, rolling with resistance, identifying sustain and change talk, and supporting self-efficacy
Positive psychology (humanistic)
emphasizes human strengths rather than pathology
four areas of each clients life in positive psychology
weaknesses, strengths, destructive factors in environment, recourses in the environment
Seven basic categories of positive psychology tecnhiques
savoring, gratitude, kindness, empathy, optimism, strength-based activities, meaning
PP: savoring
intentionally focus on and extend, without distraction, moments of joy and happiness
PP: gratitude
purposefully focus on reasons to be thankful by writing letters, journaling, visiting important ppl in their lives or simply thinking about things that make them feel appreciative
PP: kindness
deliberately do nice things for others, including the donation of money or time for charity, volunteering, tutoring,
PP: empathy
build a sense of understanding, forgiveness, and perspective taking
PP: optimism
purposefully cultivate positive expectations about the future and anticipate good things
PP: strength-based activities
use (or write about) their personal strengths in meaningful or novel ways
PP: meaning
intentionally remember their own values and set goals to live a life that falls in line with them
emotion focused therapy
short-term humanistic therapy freq. practiced w/couples
Behavioral therapy
clinical application of behavioral principles
Behavioral therapy mechanism of change
behavior
Does behavioral therapy endorse psychopathology?
no, behaviors are the problem
Goal of behavioral therpay
measure behavioral changes observably
Behavioral therapy and introspection?
rejects introspection
Ivan Pavlov
early behaviorist, classical conditioning
John watson
applied Pavlov to humans
Thorndike’s law of effect
all organisms pay attention to the consequences of their actions. pleasurable consequesnces=more likely to recur vice versa
Skinner
operant conditioning
applied it to psychotherapy
classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus/response
conditioned stimulus/response
generalization
classical conditioning
when the conditioned response is evoked by a stimuli that is similiar to the c. stim
Disctimination
classical conditioning
occurs when the conditioned response is not evoked by such a stimulus
Operant conditioning
when the behaviors aren’t naturally occurring
Techniques based on classical conditioning
exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, social skills and assertiveness training
Exposure therapy: imaginal exposure
imagine anxiety provoking objects
Exposure therapy: in vivo exposure
can be exposed to real-life items or situations that have produced fear
Exposure therapy: graded exposure
client and therapist create anxiety hierarchy
Exposure therapy: flooding
happens all at once
Systematic desensitization: counterconditioning
re-pairing feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety
Systematic desensitization: relaxation training
teaching relaxing techniques while moving through anxiety hierarchy
Social skills and assertiveness training
targets social anxieties with classical conditioning
Techniques based on operant conditioning:
contingency management, aversion therapy, token economies, shaping, behavioral activation, modeling
contingency management
reinforcement(makes more likely to recur) and punishment (makes less likely to recur) both positive and negative
aversion therapy
when an unwanted behavior brings about an aversive stimulus
Extinction
removal of expected reinforcement that results in decrease in frequency of behavior
token economies
clients earn tokens for participating in target behaviors
behavioral activation
designed to treat depression
goal: increase frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client
modeling
albert bandura
learning directly from own experiences
Who was cognitive therapy developed by?
Aaron Beck
Mechanism of change in cognitive therapy
cognition `
Goal of cognitive therapy?
To change how we feel by changing how we interpret things
Aaron Beck’s cognitive triad of depression
negative views impact interpretation of all situations and lead to feelings of depression
if we can change those views, we can reduce someone’s depression
Theory behind cognitive therapy
moving from flawed two step (things happen-> those things influence our feelings) to the three step model (things happen -> we interpret those things -> those interpretations directly influence our feelings)
Automatic thought (cog)
the interpretation of the situation is called an automatic thought
Cog techniques: teaching as a tool
therapists function as teachers, using handouts, aspire for clients to become independent
Cog techniques: homework
homework is behavioral and written
Cog therapy session overview
structured, focus on client’s current problems, time management
Two cognitive therapy approaches
Rational emotive behavioral therapy and trad cognitive therapy
REBT developed by
Albert Ellis
REBT- what is it?
emphasizes a connection b/t rationality and emotion
goal: make beliefs more rational, in turn make ppl more happy
REBT - ABCDE model
Activating event, Belief, emotional Consequence, Dispute, Effective new belief
Aaron Beck: thought distortions
all or nothing thinking, catastrophizing, magnification/minimization, personalization, overgeneralization, mental filtering, mind reading
Catastrophizing
expecting the worst in the future
overgeneralization
applying lessons learned from negative experiences more broadly than is warranted
Cog: challenging automatic thoughts
what evidence? what should i do? etc
downward arrow technique-finding the underlying core beliefs of thoughts
Aaron Beck: beliefs as hypotheses
automatic thoughts stem from core beliefs, our beliefs our hypotheses, testing them exposes them as illogical
Cognitive behavioral therapy mechanism of change
thoughts and behaviors
CBT
combines cog with behavioral therapy
uses thought restructuring and adds interventions to target behaviors
Cognitive processing therapy
cognitive therapy for trauma
focuses on identifying maladaptive interpretations of the traumatic event and changing them
CPT: assimilation
alter incoming information to match prior beliefs
CPT: alteration
altering beliefs to incorporate new information
CPT: identifying and challenging stuck points
maladaptive thoughts in reg cog therapy.
therapist challenges stuck points and change their interpretation of the trauma (why it happened, what it means about the world)
Third wave CBT treatments incorporate
mindfulness and acceptance
third wave developed by
steven hayes
mindfulness
nonjudgmental awareness of the present moment
goal of third wave mindfulness
engage in acceptance
3CBT: FEAR
acronym that underlies psychological illness; fusion, evaluation, avoidance, and reason-giving
3Cbt mechanism of change
behavior and cognition
some 3Cbt therapies
ACT, DBT, UP
Acceptance and commitment therapy created by
steven hayes
ACT goals
accepting, choosing, and taking action
6 core processes of ACT
acceptance: dont avoid your thoughts
Cognitive diffusion: observe thoughts w/out judgement
Being present: be mindful
self as context: ppl are more than their thoughts, feelings, and experiences
values: live to your values
Committed action: take concrete steps for change
DBT developed by
Marsha Linehan
DBT og deved for?
suicidality and BPD
DBT treatment targets
life threatening behaviors, therapy interfering behaviors, quality of life behaviors, skill acquisition
DBT skills training
emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, mindful skills
4 components of DBT
skills training group, individual therapy, phone coaching, therapist consult team
Unified protocol
brief, transdiagnostic, targets maladaptive thinking
UP modules
emotional awareness, cognitive flexibility, emotional behaviors, exposures
