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final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Who created psychodynamic/psychoanalysis?

A

Freud

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2
Q

What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy

A

to make the unconscious conscious

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3
Q

what is the mechanism of change in psychodynamic therapy

A

insight

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4
Q

Free association

A

psychodynamic psychotherapists simply ask clients to say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves at all

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5
Q

Freudian slips

A

Psychodynamic psychotherapists who witness a client’s slips of the tongue during a session or who hear clients’ stories of such events may be able to glimpse the clients’ underlying intentions. Although most examples of Freudian slips are verbal, they can be behavioral as well

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6
Q

dreams

A

Freud theorized that when we sleep, our minds convert latent content (the raw thoughts and feelings of the unconscious) to manifest content (the actual plot of the dream as we remember it). This process, called dream work, uses symbols to express wishes, which can result in unconscious wishes appearing in a very distorted or disguised form.

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7
Q

resistance (dynamic)

A

When clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly, they feel anxious. That anxiety motivates them to create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings.

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8
Q

defense Mechanisms

A

Psychodynamic psychotherapists believe that by identifying clients’ unconscious defense mechanisms and bringing them into the clients’ awareness, they can improve the quality of their clients’ lives

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9
Q

purpose of a dream acc to Freud

A

dreams bring repressed wishes to the surface so the dreamer can confront and reconcile their repressed feeelings

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10
Q

manifest dream

A

actual literal content of the dream

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11
Q

latent dream

A

hidden meaning of the dream

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12
Q

common defense mechanisms

A

repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, sublimation

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13
Q

repression

A

Someone may have an intense desire to murder. Instead of acting on it, they may repress that feeling until it is no longer in their conscious awareness.
-id has impulse, superego says no, ego represses it

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14
Q

projection

A

In an argument with her friend, a woman gets accused of being too insensitive to others issues. In turn, she may proclaim that it is in fact her friends that are the insensitive ones and not her. She has projected this unwanted self-concept of insensitivity from herself, to her friends.
-id has impulse, superego rejects it, ego projects id impulse onto others

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15
Q

reaction formation

A

The person you absolutely despises approaches you. Instead of conveying your true feeling of hate towards them, you are overly nice, and show compassion towards them. Being overtly nice helps to mask the unwanted feeling of hate you actually have for them. Additionally, this helps to improve your self-image to others as well.
-id has impulse, superego rejects, ego does the opposite

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16
Q

Displacement

A

A college student may be overloaded with schoolwork that is making them anxious and frustrated. Instead of taking it up with their professors who assigned so much work, they go home and yell at their mother for not having dinner ready whenever they got home. Their mother is the substitute target to the frustration their professors gave when they assigned so much work.
-id has impulse, superego rejects, ego displaces id towards a safe target
-kicking the dog

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17
Q

Sublimation

A

Someone who has experienced an extreme trauma may use their experience to help others instead of compensating for it. A women who was abused by her significant other may join help groups to help women in need, instead of denying or repressing what happened to her.
-id has impulse, superego rejects, ego puts it towards something good

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18
Q

transference

A

transfer of feelings, expectations, and assumptions from early relationships to the therapist

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19
Q

oral stage

A

1-1 1/2 of childs life
mouth the focus
oral issues+interpersonal problems

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20
Q

anal stage

A

1 1/2-3 years
control central issue
neat freak or slob tendencies

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21
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years
oedipus and electra complexes
self-worth key consequence

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22
Q

brief psychodynamic therapy is successful when

A

-less than 24 sessions
-probs are mild and narrowly defined
-therapist is active
-focus is on the present rather than solely on the past

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23
Q

Interpersonal therapy (dynam) developed by?

A

harry stack sullivan in the 1980s

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24
Q

interpersonal therapy (dynam) created to treat what

A

depression, but now used for other disorders

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25
Q

How long does interpersonal therapy last

A

14-20 sessions

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26
Q

Interpersonal therapy assumption

A

assumption the depression happens w/in the context of interpersonal relationships

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27
Q

interpersonal social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)

A

designed to treat bipolar disorder
augments ipt to control and stabilize daily rhythms and social interactions

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28
Q

first stage of ipsrt

A

(2 sessions) categorizes client’s problems into one of 4 categories: role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal deficits, and grief)

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29
Q

intermediate sessions of ipsrt

A

(10-12 sessions) emphasizes improving client’s problems as identified in the first stage. common psychodynamic methods used. focus on current emotions, transference and resistance. also includes education

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30
Q

final stage of ipsrt

A

(2-4 session) reviews the clients accomplishments, recognition of capacity to succeed w/out therapist, prevent relapse

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31
Q

who created humanistic therapy

A

Carl Rogers

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32
Q

humanistic psychotherapy other names

A

client-centered therapy or Rogerian therapy

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33
Q

humanistic mechanism of change

A

self-actualization

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34
Q

what people need to self-actualize

A

positive regard- warmth, love, acceptance of those around us
prizing-receiving positive regard from others

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35
Q

the real self

A

who you currently are

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36
Q

the ideal self

A

the person you would like to be

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37
Q

goal of humanistic psychotherapy

A

foster self-actualization

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38
Q

incongruence (human)

A

discrepancy b/t real self and ideal self

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39
Q

congruence (human)

A

a match b/t the real and ideal self

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40
Q

elements of humanistic therapy

A

empathy, unconditional pos regard, and genuineness

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41
Q

empathy (elem of human)

A

deep, nonjudgmental understanding of client’s experiences

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42
Q

unconditional pos regard (elem of human)

A

full acceptance of another person
facilitates higher levels of congruence and self-actualization

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43
Q

genuineness

A

also called therapist congruence
helps therapist establish a real relationship
humanists encourage a relatively high degree of transparency by the therapist

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44
Q

Attitude’s, not behaviors (human)

A

humanists view the 3 elements as attitudes, not behaviors. its how a therapist should be w/clients, not what they should do

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45
Q

Humanistic technique: reflection

A

rephrasing or restating the client’s statement in a way that reflects the client’s feelings or emotions

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46
Q

Humanistic: simple reflections

A

repetition: repeat w/out adding something new

rephrase: slight rephrase, adding to and building on what was said

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47
Q

Humanistic: amplified reflections

A

paraphrasing: drawing together the meaning and repeating it back

reflection of feeling: emphasezes the emotions

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48
Q

Existential psychotherapy (human)

A

place emphasis on clients abilities to overcome meaninglessness by creating their own meaning

therapists encourage clients to make choices true to themselves

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49
Q

Existential psychotherapy created by

A

Irv Yalom

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50
Q

Gestalt therapy (human)

A

includes both mentla and physical perceptions

-focus on present moment, not so much on the past

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51
Q

Motivational interviewing (human)

A

og developed for substance abuse

therapists dont pressure client to change

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52
Q

Motivational interviewing central principles

A

empathy, developing discrepancy, avoiding augmentation, rolling with resistance, identifying sustain and change talk, and supporting self-efficacy

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53
Q

Positive psychology (humanistic)

A

emphasizes human strengths rather than pathology

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54
Q

four areas of each clients life in positive psychology

A

weaknesses, strengths, destructive factors in environment, recourses in the environment

55
Q

Seven basic categories of positive psychology tecnhiques

A

savoring, gratitude, kindness, empathy, optimism, strength-based activities, meaning

56
Q

PP: savoring

A

intentionally focus on and extend, without distraction, moments of joy and happiness

57
Q

PP: gratitude

A

purposefully focus on reasons to be thankful by writing letters, journaling, visiting important ppl in their lives or simply thinking about things that make them feel appreciative

58
Q

PP: kindness

A

deliberately do nice things for others, including the donation of money or time for charity, volunteering, tutoring,

59
Q

PP: empathy

A

build a sense of understanding, forgiveness, and perspective taking

60
Q

PP: optimism

A

purposefully cultivate positive expectations about the future and anticipate good things

61
Q

PP: strength-based activities

A

use (or write about) their personal strengths in meaningful or novel ways

62
Q

PP: meaning

A

intentionally remember their own values and set goals to live a life that falls in line with them

63
Q

emotion focused therapy

A

short-term humanistic therapy freq. practiced w/couples

64
Q

Behavioral therapy

A

clinical application of behavioral principles

65
Q

Behavioral therapy mechanism of change

A

behavior

66
Q

Does behavioral therapy endorse psychopathology?

A

no, behaviors are the problem

67
Q

Goal of behavioral therpay

A

measure behavioral changes observably

68
Q

Behavioral therapy and introspection?

A

rejects introspection

69
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

early behaviorist, classical conditioning

70
Q

John watson

A

applied Pavlov to humans

71
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect

A

all organisms pay attention to the consequences of their actions. pleasurable consequesnces=more likely to recur vice versa

72
Q

Skinner

A

operant conditioning
applied it to psychotherapy

73
Q

classical conditioning

A

unconditioned stimulus/response
conditioned stimulus/response

74
Q

generalization

A

classical conditioning
when the conditioned response is evoked by a stimuli that is similiar to the c. stim

75
Q

Disctimination

A

classical conditioning
occurs when the conditioned response is not evoked by such a stimulus

76
Q

Operant conditioning

A

when the behaviors aren’t naturally occurring

77
Q

Techniques based on classical conditioning

A

exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, social skills and assertiveness training

78
Q

Exposure therapy: imaginal exposure

A

imagine anxiety provoking objects

79
Q

Exposure therapy: in vivo exposure

A

can be exposed to real-life items or situations that have produced fear

80
Q

Exposure therapy: graded exposure

A

client and therapist create anxiety hierarchy

81
Q

Exposure therapy: flooding

A

happens all at once

82
Q

Systematic desensitization: counterconditioning

A

re-pairing feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety

83
Q

Systematic desensitization: relaxation training

A

teaching relaxing techniques while moving through anxiety hierarchy

84
Q

Social skills and assertiveness training

A

targets social anxieties with classical conditioning

85
Q

Techniques based on operant conditioning:

A

contingency management, aversion therapy, token economies, shaping, behavioral activation, modeling

86
Q

contingency management

A

reinforcement(makes more likely to recur) and punishment (makes less likely to recur) both positive and negative

87
Q

aversion therapy

A

when an unwanted behavior brings about an aversive stimulus

88
Q

Extinction

A

removal of expected reinforcement that results in decrease in frequency of behavior

89
Q

token economies

A

clients earn tokens for participating in target behaviors

90
Q

behavioral activation

A

designed to treat depression
goal: increase frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client

91
Q

modeling

A

albert bandura
learning directly from own experiences

92
Q

Who was cognitive therapy developed by?

A

Aaron Beck

93
Q

Mechanism of change in cognitive therapy

A

cognition `

94
Q

Goal of cognitive therapy?

A

To change how we feel by changing how we interpret things

95
Q

Aaron Beck’s cognitive triad of depression

A

negative views impact interpretation of all situations and lead to feelings of depression

if we can change those views, we can reduce someone’s depression

96
Q

Theory behind cognitive therapy

A

moving from flawed two step (things happen-> those things influence our feelings) to the three step model (things happen -> we interpret those things -> those interpretations directly influence our feelings)

97
Q

Automatic thought (cog)

A

the interpretation of the situation is called an automatic thought

98
Q

Cog techniques: teaching as a tool

A

therapists function as teachers, using handouts, aspire for clients to become independent

99
Q

Cog techniques: homework

A

homework is behavioral and written

100
Q

Cog therapy session overview

A

structured, focus on client’s current problems, time management

101
Q

Two cognitive therapy approaches

A

Rational emotive behavioral therapy and trad cognitive therapy

102
Q

REBT developed by

A

Albert Ellis

103
Q

REBT- what is it?

A

emphasizes a connection b/t rationality and emotion
goal: make beliefs more rational, in turn make ppl more happy

104
Q

REBT - ABCDE model

A

Activating event, Belief, emotional Consequence, Dispute, Effective new belief

105
Q

Aaron Beck: thought distortions

A

all or nothing thinking, catastrophizing, magnification/minimization, personalization, overgeneralization, mental filtering, mind reading

106
Q

Catastrophizing

A

expecting the worst in the future

107
Q

overgeneralization

A

applying lessons learned from negative experiences more broadly than is warranted

108
Q

Cog: challenging automatic thoughts

A

what evidence? what should i do? etc
downward arrow technique-finding the underlying core beliefs of thoughts

109
Q

Aaron Beck: beliefs as hypotheses

A

automatic thoughts stem from core beliefs, our beliefs our hypotheses, testing them exposes them as illogical

110
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy mechanism of change

A

thoughts and behaviors

111
Q

CBT

A

combines cog with behavioral therapy
uses thought restructuring and adds interventions to target behaviors

112
Q

Cognitive processing therapy

A

cognitive therapy for trauma
focuses on identifying maladaptive interpretations of the traumatic event and changing them

113
Q

CPT: assimilation

A

alter incoming information to match prior beliefs

114
Q

CPT: alteration

A

altering beliefs to incorporate new information

115
Q

CPT: identifying and challenging stuck points

A

maladaptive thoughts in reg cog therapy.
therapist challenges stuck points and change their interpretation of the trauma (why it happened, what it means about the world)

116
Q

Third wave CBT treatments incorporate

A

mindfulness and acceptance

117
Q

third wave developed by

A

steven hayes

118
Q

mindfulness

A

nonjudgmental awareness of the present moment

119
Q

goal of third wave mindfulness

A

engage in acceptance

120
Q

3CBT: FEAR

A

acronym that underlies psychological illness; fusion, evaluation, avoidance, and reason-giving

121
Q

3Cbt mechanism of change

A

behavior and cognition

122
Q

some 3Cbt therapies

A

ACT, DBT, UP

123
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy created by

A

steven hayes

124
Q

ACT goals

A

accepting, choosing, and taking action

125
Q

6 core processes of ACT

A

acceptance: dont avoid your thoughts
Cognitive diffusion: observe thoughts w/out judgement
Being present: be mindful
self as context: ppl are more than their thoughts, feelings, and experiences
values: live to your values
Committed action: take concrete steps for change

126
Q

DBT developed by

A

Marsha Linehan

127
Q

DBT og deved for?

A

suicidality and BPD

128
Q

DBT treatment targets

A

life threatening behaviors, therapy interfering behaviors, quality of life behaviors, skill acquisition

129
Q

DBT skills training

A

emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, mindful skills

130
Q

4 components of DBT

A

skills training group, individual therapy, phone coaching, therapist consult team

131
Q

Unified protocol

A

brief, transdiagnostic, targets maladaptive thinking

132
Q

UP modules

A

emotional awareness, cognitive flexibility, emotional behaviors, exposures

133
Q
A

Clinical psych (3 decks)

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