Exam 1 Flashcards
What year was it when the term clinical psychology was first used in print? Who used it?
1907; Lightner Witmer
What is the current definition of clinical psychology?
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological problems or disorders
What are the steps to becoming a clinical psychologist?
Undergrad, grad, training and experience, licensure, national test, state test
What does a masters degree involve?
Course work, master’s thesis, clinical practicum
What does a doctoral degree involve?
Comprehensive exams, course work, research, practica, 4-6 years, 1 year full time internship
PhD
-Most common degree in psych
-focus on research
-gain teaching experience
-gain applied clinical experience
PsyD
-Newer degree (70s)
-focus on delivering psychological services
-earned in professional schools of psychology rather than public universities
-potential impact on costs
The boulder model of grad programs
-The scientist-practitioner model
-two pronged approach (practice, research)
-Likely a PhD
The vail model of grad schools
-practitioner-scholar model
-less training in research
-more training in applied clinical skills
-PsyD
The clinical scientist model
-stress on scientific side
-strong emphasis on scientific method and evidence-based clinical methods
predoc internship
1 year
supervised
advanced apprenticeship
postdoc internship
1-2 years
opportunities for specialized training
Psychaitrists
-go to med school, licensed physicians, allowed to prescribe meds, training emphasis on biology
Social workers
Master’s degree, problems as products of social ills, strong emphasis on supervised fieldwork
Professional counselors
masters degree, counsel people with general problems or mild mental illness
marriage and family therapists
masters degree, focuses on couples, families, singles facing problems with partners
In 1973,
most were men w/phDs, private practices and universities were most common work settings
In 1992,
half work in independent practices, 40% worked in private practice
Private practice extra job tasks
billing, coding, documentation and record management
private practice pros
independence, flexibility, choice of clients
private practice cons
poor reimbursement, overhead costs, lack of benefits, legal liability, loneliness
College counselling tasks
therapy, crisis intervention, group therapy, outreach, prevention, program coordination, training
Community mental health centers job tasks
intake, assesments, therapy, crisis intervention, group therapy, admin roles, committee participation
Community mental health pros
treatment team coordination, loan forgiveness, high needs clients
community mental health cons
last line of defense, limited resources
hospitals and medical centers pros
treatment team coordination, good benefits and pay
school systems pros
treatment teams, varied experience and work tasks, observation, assessment
School systems cons
school calendar, confusion over who is the client, pay, understaffed and overworked
Business psychology
increasing productivity and wellness. observation, research, consultations
court and legal systems
offer a specialization, consult with lawyers, oversee those deemed to be incompetent
Military and VA hospitals Pros
treatment team, good pay and benefits, loan repayment
Military and VA cons
less flexibility
requirements for the interviewer
quieting themselves, being self-aware, developing positive working relationships with clients
eye contact
facilitates and communicates listening, requires cultural knowledge
body language
face the client, appear attentive, minimize restlessness, display appropriate facial expressions
vocal qualities
use pitch, tone, volume, and fluctuation, attend closely to that of the client
verbal tracking
repeat key words and phrases, weaving clients language into their own, shifting topics smoothly
how to build rapport
make an effort to put the client at ease, acknowledge unique, unusual situation of clinical interview, follow clients lead
directive questioning approach
tends to be targeted towards specific pieces of info, client responses are brief, provides crucial data that client may not otherwise discuss, can sacrifice rapport in favor of info
Nondirective questioning styles
client may choose to spend time on some topics, can provide crucial information that interviewers may not otherwise know to inquire about, can fall short in getting specific information
open-ended questions
allow for individualized and spontaneous responses, responses tend to be long, may lack details that are important to interviewer, nondirective style
close ended questions
allow for less elaboration and self-expression, yield quick and precise answers, used directive interviewing style
clarification questions
used to ensure interviewers accurate understanding, communicates active listening
confrontation
similar to clarifications, focuses on contradictory information
paraphrasing
used to assure clients of being accurately heard, maintains conversation
reflection of feeling
echoes clients emotions, make them feel like their emotions are recognized, involves inference about emotions
summarizing
ties together various topics, connects statements, identifies themes
conclusions
provides initial conceptualizing of clients problems, may involve recommendations
note taking
documenting the interview, reliable, could distract
video recordings
recording interview requires clients written permission, could hinder openness
room types
-traditional, psychoanalytic arrangement
-interviewer and
client sitting face to face
-interviewer and client in chairs 90-180 degrees
intake interviews
determine kind of treatment needed, involve detailed questioning about presenting complaint
diagnostic interviews
assign diagnoses, include questions that relate to DSM,
Pros: empirically sound
Cons: rigid, long
mental status exams
employed in medical settings, intended for brief flexile administrations, lacks standardization
crisis interviews
assesses problems demanding urgent attention, provides immediate intervention,
What defines abnormality?
Personal distress, deviance from cultural norms, statistical infrequency, impaired social functioning
results of efficacy studies
its efficacious, and benefits endure over long periods
Results of effectiveness studies
very positive, treatments usually worked
Tripartite model by Hans Strupp
Looking at the client, therapist, and society to see if therapy is working
Working Alliance INventory
Measure that assesses clients perceprion of the theraputic alliance
What are SMART goals
Specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time based
Dodo bird verdict
empirical outcomes of therapies show that competing therapie
