Final Exam Flashcards
which of these statements is true regarding intercostal nerves?
A. formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
B. run in the intercostal groove of the rib the length of the intercostal space
C. give off lateral cutaneous branches which supply skin of lateral thoracic & abdomen
D. All of the above
D
the anterior intercostals are branches of what artery?
internal thoracic
origin of anterior intercostal aa is internal thoracic
the visceral serous pericardium forms ____
epicardium
the ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of what embryoligical structure?
ductus arterious
True or false
Myelomeningocoele is a lesion of spina bifida cystia in which the meninges & the spinal cord protrude through the opening in the neural arches
True
True or false
mesoderm forms via the migration of epiblast cells through Henson’s node
False
True or false
the cranial-caudal rule applies to both the formation of the notochord & neural plate
True
somites are concentrations of ____ along the axis of the embryo
mesoderm
the sacral vertebrae/sacrum are completely synostosed/fused by age ____
23
the secondary ossification center of atlas (C1) forms ____
anterior arch
vertebrae are ossified via ____
endochondral ossification
True or false
there are 5 primary ossification centers in the first 4 sacral vertebrae (S1-S4)
True
what is the action of innermost intercostal muscles?
muscle of expiration
stabilize intercostal space, depress ribs
the brachiocephalic trunk is a branch of ____
arch of aorta
what are the 2 layers of a blastocyst?
epiblast & hypoblast
= embryonic bilaminar disc
True or false
the transverse thoracic plane begins anteriorly at the xiphisternal junction
False
begins at level of sternal angle and junction of T4-T5 at IVD
True or false
the pericardium is continuous interiorly with the central tendon of the diaphragm
True
True or false
the coronary sulcus is a groove on the exterior surface of the heart that runs between the ventricles & the atria
True
True or false
the trachea bifurcates into the left & right pulmonary bronchi at the level of the transverse thoracic plane
True
what is the embryological origin of the right ventricle?
bulbus cordis
sympathetic trunk interacts with ventral rami via ____
rami communicants
which of the following does not innervate the pericardium?
A. thoracic splanchnic nerves
B. phrenic nerves
C. sympathetic trunk
D. vagus nerve
A
the middle cardiac vein is located in the ____ sulcus
posterior interventricular
at what age do typical vertebrae fuse?
6 years old
where does gas exchange in the lung occur?
alveoli
what muscles are in the anterior wall of the right atrium?
pectinate muscles
The brachiocephalic trunk…
A. branches off of the arch of the aorta on the left side of the body
B. branches off of the arch of the aorta of the right side of the body
C. branches off of the descending thoracic aorta on the left side of the body
D. branches off of the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the body
B
Which muscle depresses costal cartilages during forced expiration?
A. external intercostals
B. internal intercostals
C. innermost intercostals
D. transversus thoracis
D
The ____ invests all surfaces of the lungs
visceral pleura
The azygous vein forms a ____ pathway between SVC and IVC
collateral
The anterior interventricular artery originates from the ____ and is located ____
Left coronary a
anterior interventricular sulcus
(*answer on exam is false)
the maturation of alveoli occurs at the ____ stage
postnatal
what vessel(s) supply oxygenated blood to the left atrium?
left & right, superior & inferior pulmonary veins
what vessel(s) supply blood to the lung tissue?
bronchial arteries
(*answer on exam is false)
pulmonary arteries carry low O2 blood to lungs
the fluid/yolk sac that will feed the embryo for several weeks is called ____
blastocoele
gastrulation is the formation of 3 embryonic germ layers from cell of the ____
epiblast
spina bifida is an example of a ____ defect
neural tube
what is spina bifida occulta?
failure of neural tube to close, but no protrusion of spinal cord or meninges
a 32 cell embryo is called a ____
morula
What is formed at the beginning of week 3?
notochord (and neural tube)
presacral fusion is complete by age ____
25
how many secondary ossification centers are in typical vertebrae?
5
how many annular epiphyses are in typical vertebrae?
2
what is located at the tips of each transverse process?
secondary ossification center
the mediastinum is divided by the ____
transverse thoracic plane
