Arthrology Flashcards
Define
Arthrology
Study of joints
Define
articulation
Joint between bone or cartilage
Function
joints
Can confer stability or motion between structures
Joints are classified by…
Degree of motion and type of tissue in articulation
What are the classifications of joints by degree of motion?
Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
Synarthroses
Mostly fibrous, no or limited movement, ie. sutures
Amphiarthroses
Mostly cartilaginous, slightly moveable, ie. syndesmoses, symphyses
Diarthroses
Synovial, highly moveable, ie. knee, shoulder, hip
Classifications of joints by type of tissue in articulation:
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
movement and composition of
Fibrous tissue in articulation
No or limited movement, Bone-CT-Bone
movement and composition of
Cartilaginous tissue in articulation
Slightly moveable, Bone-Cartilage-Bone
movement and composition of
Synovial tissue in articulation
Highly moveable, Bone-Cartilage-Cavitated CT (filled with synovial fluid)-Cartilage-Bone
Suture tissue type
Fibrous: Bone – Collagenous Sutural Ligament – Bone
Gomphosis tissue type and function
Fibrous tissue type
Anchors tooth in socket: Bone – cartilaginous periodontal
ligament – dental cementum
Synchondroses tissue type
Cartilaginous: Bone – hyaline growth cartilage – bone
Symphyses tissue type
Cartilaginous: Bone – hyaline cartilage – fibrocartilaginous disc – hyaline cartilage – bone
Symphyses function and location
Stability, resist forces at weight bearing joints
Median, restricted to axillary skeleton
Secondary cartilaginous joint
Symphyses
Primary cartilaginous joint
Synchondroses
Syndesmoses tissue type
Fibrous: Bone – cartilaginous interosseous ligament – bone (may be elastic fibrous CT)
Syndesmoses function
Dynamic stabilization, resist forces that separate bones
What is synostosis?
Fusion of joint – ultimate fate of most synarthroses/amphiarthroses
Where does synostosis occur?
Between sutures in adulthood
Some symphyses by adulthood
All synchondroses
When is synostosis pathological?
Fusion of IVD (except in sacrum) and/or pubic symphysis is pathological
Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis
Fusion of cranial sutures before birth or during early childhood, before the completion of bone skull growth
Constricts brain growth in direction of fusion and flexibility of plate-like cranial bones, resulting in misshapen cranium
Epiphyseal growth plates are an example of which joint type?
Synchondrosis (cartilaginous)
What joints are restricted to the axillary skeleton?
Symphyses
Which symphyses undergo synostosis?
Manubriosternal, xiphisternal, and mandibular symphyses
What is the joint formed by a tooth and a periodontal ligament called?
Gomphosis
What type of cartilaginous joint are synchondroses?
Amphiarthroses
How would Gomphosis joints be classified?
Fibrous synarthrosis
In synovial diarthroses, the synovial fluid is surrounded by…
A fibrous joint capsule
In synovial diarthroses, the joint capsule is made of…
An inner synovial layer and outer fibrous layer
In synovial diarthroses, ligaments can be:
Extrinsic, intrinsic, or intracapsular
Examples of synovial diarthroses are:
Knee, shoulder, hip
Describe extrinsic ligaments of diarthroses with an example
Located outside of the fibrous joint capsule
ex. lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the knee
Describe intrinsic ligaments of diarthroses with an example
Located within or on the surface of the fibrous joint capsule
ex. ischiofemoral/pubofemoral ligaments of hip
Describe intracapsular ligaments of diarthroses with examples
Located inside of the synovial cavity
ex. ligamentum teres of hip, ACL/PCL of knee
What are fat pads in diarthroses? What is their function?
Areas of adipose tissue within the joint capsule to cushion the articulation
Where are fibrocartilaginous discs?
Menisci, in some joints (ex. knee, sternoclavicular)
Function of fibrocartilaginous discs (menisci)
Disperse weights and remove
friction during movement
Plane synovial joints description and example
Translates motion across flat joint surfaces in apposition
ex. zygapophyseal joints (facet joints)
Ginglymus (hinge) joints description and example
Uniaxial joint allowing motion with one degree of freedom
ex. elbow joint
Trochoid (pivot) joints description and two examples
Uniaxial, rotation of a bone around a single axis
ex. medial atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint
Bicondyloid joints description
Mostly uniaxial with some rotatory movement, two convex condyles articulating with two concave joint surfaces
Three examples of bichondyloid joints
- femoral condyles and tibial
plateau - temperomandibular joint
- atlantooccipital joints
Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints description
Biaxial, oval ellipsoid convex surface articulates with oval ellipsoid concave surface
Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints example
Distal radius with scaphoid
and lunate in wrist
Sellar (saddle) joints description and example
Multiaxial, two concave-convex (saddle-shaped) surfaces articulating with each other
ex. pollical carpometacarpal (thumb) joint
Spheroidal (ball and socket)
joints description and two examples
Multiaxial, three degrees of freedom of motion
ex. glenohumeral joint and hip joint
In synovial diarthroses, extrinsic ligaments are…
Outside of the fibrous joint capsule
