Final Exam Flashcards
PNEUMOTHORAX:
Causes:
1- Spontaneous
2- Emphysema (rupture of emphysematous bulla)
3- Trauma & During mechanical ventilation.
An excessive accumulation of fluid in the pleural
space.
PLEURAL EFFUSTION
Abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.
BRONCHIECTASIS
Localized suppuration in the lung resulting in cavity formation with a fluid level that is not due to tuberculosis.( long history of predictive cough , foited odour , purulent sputum > 200 cc / day )
LUNG ABSCESS
Complications of COPD
Complications of COPD
1 - Respiratory failure
2- Right sided heart failure
3- Polycythemia
4- Rupture of emphysematous bulla
Distension of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles due to
disruption of alveolar walls.
PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA
COPD classification
COPD is classified according to
Mild
60-79% predicted
Moderate
40-59% predicted
Severe
< 40% predicted
Treatment of bronchial asthma
1 - DURING ATTACKS (mild or moderate attacks):
Rapid-acting inhaled bronchodilator: Salbutamol
Finger clubbing
Causes and Tvpes:
1- Pale (toxic)
Causes: Bronchogenic carcinoma,, suppurative lung syndromes,
infective endocarditis
2- Blue (hypoxic)
Causes: Congenital cyanotic heart disease COPD or interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
Reflux box
Cough receptors: (pharynx, larynx, trachea & main bronchi)
The afferents: (vagus).
Cough center ( medulla).
Efferents (phrenic N & intercostals nerves.
Expiratory muscles
A drop of systolic BP of 20 mmHg or more on standing from a sitting or lying position
Postural orthostatic hypotension
Elevation of the legs up while the patient laying on the ground increases venous return and restores blood pressure , if not IV atropin .
Treatment of Neurocardiogenic vasovagal syncope
Transient loss of consciousness due to transient cerebral ischemia.
SYNCOPE
Right ventricular failure
Cyanosis
Peripheral edema
Ascites
Pericardial effusion
Systemic venous hypertension
Normal blood pressure
Prehypertension
Hypertension:
Stage 1
Stage 2
Normal blood pressure: systolic <120 mmIg and diastolic <80
Prehypertension: systolic 120-139 or diastolic 80-89.
Hypertension:
Stage 1: systolic 140-159 or diastolic 90-99
Stage 2: systolic 160 or diastolic 100
It is an infective inflammation of cardiac valves & endocardium
It may be : Acute fulminate or more common sub-acute in nature .
It can occur on native or prosthetic valve
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
modified Jones criteria
modified Jones criteria : Two major manifestations or one major and two minor manifestations indicate a high probability of acute rheumatic fever
Minor diagnostic criteria of rheumatic fever
Fever
Arthralgia
Prolonged P-R interval on ECG
elevated WBC count
Elevated ESR & C-reactive protein
Elevated ASO tire >200
Prior history of RF
Major diagnostic criteria of rheumatic fever
Carditis
Polyarthritis
Chorea
Subcutaneous nodules
Erythema
marginatum
Etiology of rheumatic fever
group A beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis.
A non-suppurative acute inflammatory complication of group A
streptococcal infection.
RHEUMATIC FEVER
•Site : Retrosternal, often radiating down the ulnar aspect of the left arm
and into the neck, to the left shoulder, jaw, or teeth.
Pain is intense, severe.
- Unremitting for 30 to 60 minutes.
- Not relieved by rest or sublingual nitrates.
Myocardial infarction
Site : Retrosternal, heaviness, tightness, radiates to left shoulder, inner site of left arm, clbow and little finger.
Relieved rapidly by rest or sublingual nitroglycerine short-acting nitrates.
Duration less than 15 minutes, never seconds or hours.
Angina
Difference between hemoptysis and
HEMOPTSIS
HEMATEMSIS
Vomiting of blood
Dark red, Coffee ground[acid hematin]
Mixed with food particles
Acidic.
Followed by melena
HEMOPTSIS
Cough of blood
Bright red due to oxyhemoglobin
Frothy mixed with air
Alkaline
No melena
