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Learning and Behavior > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four steps to labeling behavior?

A

Observe some behavior
Label it
Create a “thing” from that label
Then use this “thing” to explain the behavior

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2
Q

What is reification?

A

The process of converting a description (adjective) into a thing (noun)

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3
Q

What are reified constructs?

A

A term that is invented by converting a description into a thing

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4
Q

What are the four 4 steps to explaining by naming?

A

Observing some behavior
Labeling it
Creating a “thing” from that label (reification)
Then using this reified construct to explain the behavior

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5
Q

Explaining by naming involves what?

A

Tautology

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6
Q

What is tautology is also known as what?

A

Circular argument

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7
Q

What is a pseudo-explanation?

A

An “explanation” that seems like a true explanation, but really isn’t is called

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8
Q

What is an organism-based explanation?

A

When we take a reified construct and place “it” inside the individual, and then use it to “explain” the behavior of that individual

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9
Q

What are the three types of “causes” for our behavior?

A

Our genetic endowment
Our past experiences
The current environmental conditions

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10
Q

When all three causes are taken together, what is formed?

A

Environment-Based Explanation

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11
Q

What are the three key features of natural selection?

A

Variation in “traits”
Differential Survival/Reproduction
Transmission

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12
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

Observable physical and behavioral characteristics that result from the interaction of genotype with the environment

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13
Q

Favorable traits are what?

A

Selected

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14
Q

Genotypes leading to differential reproduction are what across generations?

A

Transmitted

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15
Q

An individual’s genetic make-up is called their what?

A

genotype or genetic endowment

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16
Q

Natural selection always operates within the context of what?

A

A particular environment (niche)

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17
Q

Natural selection can only work on what?

A

Is already there

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18
Q

A reflex is a ____ between a specific _____ and a specific _____ that follows?

A

Relation
Stimulus
Response

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19
Q

Unconditional reflexes are examples of ______ that evolved via ________?

A

Phylogenetic behaviors
Natural selection

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20
Q

What are three parts to an operational definition?

A

Specifies how something is to be measured
Provides the criterion that must be met in order to count as an instance
Allows other researchers to know what was measured, so they can measure the same thing

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21
Q

The behavior-analytic approach favor what type of explanation, as opposed to what type of explanations?

A

Environment-based
Organism-based

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22
Q

When describing behavior it is best to focus on what?

A

What the individual does

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23
Q

An _____ specifies the criterion (or criteria) that must be met in order to be measured as an instance of that behavior?

A

Operational definition

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24
Q

Behavior that been operationally defined effectively will display which measurable characteristics?

A

Count
Rate
Duration
Intensity
Latency
Accuracy
Fluency

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25
Q

What is count?

A

How many times the behavior occured

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26
Q

What is rate?

A

The number of instances of the behavior divided by the time frame over which the behavior could have occurred
Count/Time

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27
Q

Rate is a great measure to quantify what over time?

A

Behavior change

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28
Q

What is duration?

A

Time from the start of the behavior to its end.

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29
Q

What is magnitude (intensity/force)?

A

How intense or forceful the behavior is

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30
Q

What is Latency?

A

Time from environmental event until start of behavior

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31
Q

What is accuracy?

A

Degree to which behavior matches a standard

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32
Q

What is fluency?

A

Combination of rate and accuracy
Rate of accurate responses

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33
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

Are measurable aspects of the environment

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34
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

Are measurable aspects of behavior

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35
Q

What does it mean to be reliable in an experiment?

A

Shown to occur over and over

36
Q

What does it mean to be general in an experiment?

A

Apply under a wide range of conditions and across a wide range of individuals

37
Q

In a functional relation, changes in the ________ produces changes in the ________

A

Independent variable
Dependent variable

38
Q

What are the three properties that should be present in order to make a reasonable claim of a causal relation?

A

Co-variation of variables
A causal relation also shows a time-order relation
Plausible alternative explanations have been ruled out

39
Q

One way to determine if variables co-vary is to conduct what?

A

A correlational study

40
Q

What does it mean that a causal relation also shows a time-order relation?

A

That the cause must come first

41
Q

What is the most effective way to rule out alternative explanations?

A

Experimental analysis

42
Q

What is a baseline?

A

Repeated measurement of the DV (behavior prior to manipulation of the IV

43
Q

What two things must a baseline must be?

A

Stable and sensitive

44
Q

What does it mean for a baseline to be stable?

A

Little variability and sensitive

45
Q

What does it mean for a baseline to be sensitive?

A

Able to reveal effect of IV if there is one

46
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A reflex is a relation between a specific stimulus and a specific response

47
Q

What are two general types of reflex?

A

Unconditional
Conditional

48
Q

A given stimulus reliably ____ a specific response?

A

Elicits

49
Q

An ______ reflex is inherited; _______ elicits ____________

A

Unconditional
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional Response

50
Q

What was the four things to measure flexes?

A

Magnitude
Duration
Latency
Probability

51
Q

What is probability?

A

Likelihood that stimulus elicits response

52
Q

What does a relatively “strong” reflex have?

A

Large magnitude
Long duration
Short latency
High probability

53
Q

What does a relatively “weak” reflex have?

A

Small magnitude
Short duration
Long latency
Low probability

54
Q

What is the law of unconditional reflexes?

A

As the intensity of US increases, the strength of UR increases

55
Q

What happens when the intensity of the US increases?

A

Magnitude of UR increases
Duration of UR increases
Latency of UR decreases
Probability of UR increases

56
Q

What is the law of magnitude?

A

As the intensity of the US increases, the magnitude of the UR increases

57
Q

What is the law of latency?

A

As the intensity of the US increases, the latency of the UR decreases

58
Q

What is habituation?

A

A gradual reduction in the strength of a UR as a function of repeated presentation of the US

59
Q

In order to generate respondent conditioning, researchers start with a stimulus that does not elicit the reflexive response. What is that called?

A

Neutral stimulus

60
Q

This stimulus is paired with _______ unconditional stimulus, which elicits ___________. After several pairing trials, this stimulus called the __________ conditional stimulus now elicits the __________ which demonstrate a learned reflex

A

Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
Conditional stimulus
Conditional response

61
Q

The functional relation showing the magnitude of the CR as a function of the number of pairing trials is called ________

A

Acquisition Curve

62
Q

After several pairing trails between the CS and the US, the CR reaches a maximum. This is called the ______

A

Asymptote

63
Q

What is the repeated presentation of the CS alone?

A

Respondent Extinction

64
Q

What are the variables affecting conditioning?

A

Intensity of the US
Intensity of the CS
Temporal relation between CS and US
Predictiveness

65
Q

The maximum CR will be higher with a CS paired with what?

A

A more intense US

66
Q

The maximum CR will be lower with a CS paired with what?

A

A less intense US

67
Q

Conditioning is more rapid with what?

A

A more intense CS

68
Q

What does the intensity of US do?

A

Affects maximum possible size of CR

69
Q

What does the intensity of the CS do?

A

Affects speed of conditioning

70
Q

What is simultaneous conditioning?

A

CS & US come on and go off at the same time

71
Q

What is short-delay conditioning?

A

CS comes on shorty before US

72
Q

What is long-delay conditioning?

A

CS comes on long before US

73
Q

What is trace conditioning?

A

CS comes on long before US but goes off before the US comes on

74
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

US comes on before CS

75
Q

How effective is simultaneous conditioning?

A

Usually yields NO or very weak CR

76
Q

How effective is short-delay conditioning?

A

Ideal arrangement for most conditional reflexes. It usually reliably yields a CR

77
Q

How effective is long-delay conditioning?

A

Often yields a CR, but it adds a time-delay element as conditioning continues

78
Q

How effective is backwards conditioning?

A

Rarely results in conditioning.

79
Q

What is needed for effective conditioning?

A

CS should precede US
Short delay between CS onset & US onset best
Overlap of CS & US best

80
Q

CS predict the US when?

A

The US is consistently preceded by CS
The US occurs with a higher probability when the CS is present than when the CS is absent.
There is a correlation between the presence of the CS and occurrence of the US.

81
Q

What are the three things to extend CRs to Novel stimuli?

A

Respondent generalization
Higher-order conditioning
Sensory pre-conditoning

82
Q

What are the two types of learned behaviors?

A

Conditional Reflexes
Operant Behavior

83
Q

What is operant behavior?

A

Behavior controlled by its consequences

84
Q

Rather than being elicited by a stimulus, operant behavior initially ______, and then results in some sort of consequence

A

Emitted

85
Q

________ behavior is controlled by its consequences. That is, the consequences of the behavior determine the _______ probability of the behavior

A

Operant
Probability

86
Q

Respondent behavior is _________ by a stimulus. Operant behavior is __________, and then results is some consequence which determines the future likelihood of the behavior

A

Elicited
Emitted

Learning and Behavior (3 decks)

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