Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Learning and Behavior > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four steps to labeling behavior?

A

Observe some behavior
Label it
Create a “thing” from that label
Then use this “thing” to explain the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is reification?

A

The process of converting a description (adjective) into a thing (noun)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are reified constructs?

A

A term that is invented by converting a description into a thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four 4 steps to explaining by naming?

A

Observing some behavior
Labeling it
Creating a “thing” from that label (reification)
Then using this reified construct to explain the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explaining by naming involves what?

A

Tautology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is tautology is also known as what?

A

Circular argument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a pseudo-explanation?

A

An “explanation” that seems like a true explanation, but really isn’t is called

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an organism-based explanation?

A

When we take a reified construct and place “it” inside the individual, and then use it to “explain” the behavior of that individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three types of “causes” for our behavior?

A

Our genetic endowment
Our past experiences
The current environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When all three causes are taken together, what is formed?

A

Environment-Based Explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three key features of natural selection?

A

Variation in “traits”
Differential Survival/Reproduction
Transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

Observable physical and behavioral characteristics that result from the interaction of genotype with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Favorable traits are what?

A

Selected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genotypes leading to differential reproduction are what across generations?

A

Transmitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

An individual’s genetic make-up is called their what?

A

genotype or genetic endowment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Natural selection always operates within the context of what?

A

A particular environment (niche)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Natural selection can only work on what?

A

Is already there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A reflex is a ____ between a specific _____ and a specific _____ that follows?

A

Relation
Stimulus
Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Unconditional reflexes are examples of ______ that evolved via ________?

A

Phylogenetic behaviors
Natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are three parts to an operational definition?

A

Specifies how something is to be measured
Provides the criterion that must be met in order to count as an instance
Allows other researchers to know what was measured, so they can measure the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The behavior-analytic approach favor what type of explanation, as opposed to what type of explanations?

A

Environment-based
Organism-based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When describing behavior it is best to focus on what?

A

What the individual does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

An _____ specifies the criterion (or criteria) that must be met in order to be measured as an instance of that behavior?

A

Operational definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Behavior that been operationally defined effectively will display which measurable characteristics?

A

Count
Rate
Duration
Intensity
Latency
Accuracy
Fluency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is count?
How many times the behavior occured
26
What is rate?
The number of instances of the behavior divided by the time frame over which the behavior could have occurred Count/Time
27
Rate is a great measure to quantify what over time?
Behavior change
28
What is duration?
Time from the start of the behavior to its end.
29
What is magnitude (intensity/force)?
How intense or forceful the behavior is
30
What is Latency?
Time from environmental event until start of behavior
31
What is accuracy?
Degree to which behavior matches a standard
32
What is fluency?
Combination of rate and accuracy Rate of accurate responses
33
What is the independent variable?
Are measurable aspects of the environment
34
What is the dependent variable?
Are measurable aspects of behavior
35
What does it mean to be reliable in an experiment?
Shown to occur over and over
36
What does it mean to be general in an experiment?
Apply under a wide range of conditions and across a wide range of individuals
37
In a functional relation, changes in the ________ produces changes in the ________
Independent variable Dependent variable
38
What are the three properties that should be present in order to make a reasonable claim of a causal relation?
Co-variation of variables A causal relation also shows a time-order relation Plausible alternative explanations have been ruled out
39
One way to determine if variables co-vary is to conduct what?
A correlational study
40
What does it mean that a causal relation also shows a time-order relation?
That the cause must come first
41
What is the most effective way to rule out alternative explanations?
Experimental analysis
42
What is a baseline?
Repeated measurement of the DV (behavior prior to manipulation of the IV
43
What two things must a baseline must be?
Stable and sensitive
44
What does it mean for a baseline to be stable?
Little variability and sensitive
45
What does it mean for a baseline to be sensitive?
Able to reveal effect of IV if there is one
46
What is a reflex?
A reflex is a relation between a specific stimulus and a specific response
47
What are two general types of reflex?
Unconditional Conditional
48
A given stimulus reliably ____ a specific response?
Elicits
49
An ______ reflex is inherited; _______ elicits ____________
Unconditional Unconditional stimulus Unconditional Response
50
What was the four things to measure flexes?
Magnitude Duration Latency Probability
51
What is probability?
Likelihood that stimulus elicits response
52
What does a relatively "strong" reflex have?
Large magnitude Long duration Short latency High probability
53
What does a relatively "weak" reflex have?
Small magnitude Short duration Long latency Low probability
54
What is the law of unconditional reflexes?
As the intensity of US increases, the strength of UR increases
55
What happens when the intensity of the US increases?
Magnitude of UR increases Duration of UR increases Latency of UR decreases Probability of UR increases
56
What is the law of magnitude?
As the intensity of the US increases, the magnitude of the UR increases
57
What is the law of latency?
As the intensity of the US increases, the latency of the UR decreases
58
What is habituation?
A gradual reduction in the strength of a UR as a function of repeated presentation of the US
59
In order to generate respondent conditioning, researchers start with a stimulus that does not elicit the reflexive response. What is that called?
Neutral stimulus
60
This stimulus is paired with _______ unconditional stimulus, which elicits ___________. After several pairing trials, this stimulus called the __________ conditional stimulus now elicits the __________ which demonstrate a learned reflex
Unconditional stimulus Unconditional response Conditional stimulus Conditional response
61
The functional relation showing the magnitude of the CR as a function of the number of pairing trials is called ________
Acquisition Curve
62
After several pairing trails between the CS and the US, the CR reaches a maximum. This is called the ______
Asymptote
63
What is the repeated presentation of the CS alone?
Respondent Extinction
64
What are the variables affecting conditioning?
Intensity of the US Intensity of the CS Temporal relation between CS and US Predictiveness
65
The maximum CR will be higher with a CS paired with what?
A more intense US
66
The maximum CR will be lower with a CS paired with what?
A less intense US
67
Conditioning is more rapid with what?
A more intense CS
68
What does the intensity of US do?
Affects maximum possible size of CR
69
What does the intensity of the CS do?
Affects speed of conditioning
70
What is simultaneous conditioning?
CS & US come on and go off at the same time
71
What is short-delay conditioning?
CS comes on shorty before US
72
What is long-delay conditioning?
CS comes on long before US
73
What is trace conditioning?
CS comes on long before US but goes off before the US comes on
74
What is backward conditioning?
US comes on before CS
75
How effective is simultaneous conditioning?
Usually yields NO or very weak CR
76
How effective is short-delay conditioning?
Ideal arrangement for most conditional reflexes. It usually reliably yields a CR
77
How effective is long-delay conditioning?
Often yields a CR, but it adds a time-delay element as conditioning continues
78
How effective is backwards conditioning?
Rarely results in conditioning.
79
What is needed for effective conditioning?
CS should precede US Short delay between CS onset & US onset best Overlap of CS & US best
80
CS predict the US when?
The US is consistently preceded by CS The US occurs with a higher probability when the CS is present than when the CS is absent. There is a correlation between the presence of the CS and occurrence of the US.
81
What are the three things to extend CRs to Novel stimuli?
Respondent generalization Higher-order conditioning Sensory pre-conditoning
82
What are the two types of learned behaviors?
Conditional Reflexes Operant Behavior
83
What is operant behavior?
Behavior controlled by its consequences
84
Rather than being elicited by a stimulus, operant behavior initially ______, and then results in some sort of consequence
Emitted
85
________ behavior is controlled by its consequences. That is, the consequences of the behavior determine the _______ probability of the behavior
Operant Probability
86
Respondent behavior is _________ by a stimulus. Operant behavior is __________, and then results is some consequence which determines the future likelihood of the behavior
Elicited Emitted

Learning and Behavior (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions