Exam 3

Question 1

Aversive control is divided into two general categories

Answer 1

Negative Reinforcement
Punishment

Question 2

Punishment involves 3 things

Answer 2

1) A response-consequence contingency
2) An effect
3) The process

Question 3

Positive

Answer 3

Behavior results in presentation/addition of a stimulus

Question 4

Negative

Answer 4

Behavior results in the termination/ reduction/subtraction of a stimulus

Question 5

Contingency involves what two things?

Answer 5

Positive and negative

Question 6

What is the effect of punishment?

Answer 6

Decreased probability of behavior

Question 7

What is the process?

Answer 7

effect occurs because of the contingency

Question 8

Positive Punishment

Answer 8

Aversive stimulus presented contingent upon behavior
Probability of behavior decreases

Question 9

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 9

Aversive stimulus is removed contingent upon behavior
Probability of behavior increases

Question 10

What punishment associated with?

Answer 10

cruelty and tyranny, and with a host of psychological problems (e.g., fear, anxiety, helplessness).

Question 11

When is the punishment most effective?

Answer 11

if it is delivered contingently upon the behavior

Question 12

What type of schedule is the most effective for suppressing behavior?

Answer 12

Continuous schedule (CRF), when it is delivered for each and every instance of behavior

Question 13

When is the effectiveness of punishment reduced?

Answer 13

If it is delivered on an intermittent schedule

Question 14

What are the four variables affecting punishment?

Answer 14

Contingency, schedule of punishment, continuity, intensity

Question 15

What were the two variables in the Pietras study?

Answer 15

Frequency of punishment and strength of the contingency

Question 16

What were the two things being compared in the Pietras study?

Answer 16

Response-dependent vs Response-independent

Question 17

Which one suppresses more in the Pietras study?

Answer 17

Response-dependent point loss

Question 18

When is a punishment most effective? (time-wise)

Answer 18

When it is delivered immediately following the behavior

Question 19

What type of punishments are effective?

Answer 19

More intense punishers

Question 20

What does punishment involve between reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 20

Conflict

Question 21

What are the three reinforcement variables affecting punishment?

Answer 21

Establishing operations, reinforcement schedule, and alternative sources of reinforcement

Question 22

What is establishing operations?

Answer 22

That is, the stronger the reinforcer, the harder the behavior is to punish

Question 23

A higher reinforcement rate means what two things?

Answer 23

Punishment is less effective
More frequently reinforced behavior is harder to punish

Question 24

A lower reinforcement rate means what two things?

Answer 24

Punishment is more effective
Less frequently reinforced behavior is easier to punish

Question 25

What is the best way to remove a behavior?

Answer 25

Extinction is the best.

Question 26

Punishments for a specific behavior is more effective when?

Answer 26

It there is an alternative behavior available that is itself reinforced