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HUM2020 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What change established Protestantism as a branch of Christianity?

A

The Reformation

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2
Q

Protestant

A

A Christian who does not adhere to Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Orthodox Beliefs

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3
Q

Examples of Corruption in the Church

A

1.) Popes were more interested in politics than religion
2.) Some priests were illiterate
3.) The Church became a place to advance careers and increase wealth
4.) The selling of indulgences

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4
Q

What is an indulgence?

A

Buying a pardon to advance careers and increase wealth

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5
Q

Who is Martin Luther?

A

A German monk posted his 95 theses to a church door in 1517 CE. His beliefs became the first protestant beliefs

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6
Q

What were the 95 theses?

A

A list of complaints about the church

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7
Q

Two groups that agreed with the 95 theses:

A

Nobles who resented the pope and peasants who believed in equality

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8
Q

Who was excommunicated by Pope Leo X?

A

Martin Luther

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9
Q

Who talked about power, grace, and the glory of God?

A

John Calvin

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10
Q

Who was John Calvin?

A

A French Protestant who agreed that faith alone was enough for salvation. Spread to parts of France, Scotland, and the Netherlands.

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11
Q

Calvinist Beliefs

A

Punished for crimes like dancing, swearing, drinking, and playing cards.

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12
Q

Predestined

A

Chosen in advance (The elect)

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13
Q

Reprobate

A

Wicked person beyond the hope of salvation

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14
Q

Consistory

A

A court enforcing moral discipline

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15
Q

Romanticism

A

A rxn to the enlightenment and scientific revolution movements of the 17th-18th century

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16
Q

What was romanticism dedicated to?

A

Studying the beauty in nature

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17
Q

What did romanticism reject the truth of?

A

Empirical observation

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18
Q

What are the 2 beliefs of romanticism?

A

1.) Recognized the role of feeling or emotion, particularly in moral matters
2.) Personal experiences matter more than the truth of the matter

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19
Q

Characteristics of Romanticism

A
  • Interest in the common man and childhood
  • strong sense of emotions
  • awe of nature
    -celebration of the individual
  • importance of imagination
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20
Q

What was The Age of Enlightenment?

A

Philosophical movement by those greatly impressed with the scientific revolution

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21
Q

Believers saw themselves as part of a revolutionary development to replace superstition, rituals/ corrupt traditions with reason/ productive energy. True or False.

A

True

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22
Q

During which movement was systematic logic/reason used to solve the problems of humankind.

A

Age of Enlightened

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23
Q

What are the powers of humankind?

A

1.) Commitment to reason
2.) Trust in modern sciences to solve problems
3.) Commitment to the idea of progress
4.) Belief in essential goodness
5.) Emphasis upon the individual as the master of fate/fortune

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24
Q

During the Age of Enlightenment, many believed the same systematic investigation of the scientific revolution could find the natural laws of human society. True or False.

A

True.

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25
Who was John Locke?
An English philosopher and physician
26
Beliefs of John Locke
- At birth, the mind was a blank slate -Humans have free will - Virtue can be learned and practiced - Individuals must become a "rational creature" - People are shaped by experiences in the surrounding world
27
What is a key belief of John Locke?
Change the environment, change the people
28
Who believed the divine right was ridiculous?
John Locke
29
Montesquieu
Wrote Spiritual Laws
30
What is the book Spiritual Laws about?
The study of government using the scientific method. The discovery of natural laws in social and political relationships.
31
What are the 3 types of government?
Republic, Monarchy, and Despotism
32
Republics
Small states Ex: Rome
33
Monarchy
Moderate-sized states Ex: Greece and Rome
34
Despotism
Large States Ex: Rome
35
Spiritual Laws identify:
the separation of power, checks and balances.
36
Purpose of checks and balances
Limit parts of the government from becoming to strong
37
Voltaire
Championed religious toleration
38
Deism
Religious philosophy based on natural law where a mechanic (God) created the universe
39
What does the mechanic do?
Create the universe, set it in motion and allow it to run without interference
40
Who criticized Christianity?
Voltaire- an advocate of freedom of religion, speech, and separation of church and state.
41
Denis Diderot
Created the Encyclopedia
42
The Encyclopedia called for...
social, legal and political reform
43
The encyclopedia's articles...
attacked religious superstition and supported religious tolerance.
44
The encyclopedia
Consisted of 28 volumes and spread many Enlightenment ideas
45
Topic covered in the encyclopedia
Medicine, Herbalism, Tools
46
Adam Smith
Studied economics and wrote Wealth of Nations
47
Beliefs of Adam Smith
If individuals are free to pursue their own economic self-interest, society benefits. Government should allow the free play of economics forces.
48
Government should only do the following:
-Protect society from invasion -Defend the citizens from injustice -Maintain public works that are too expensive for individuals
49
Rousseau
Wrote Social Contract and believed that people are enslaved by the government while trying to preserve private property
50
Social Contract
Entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
51
General Will
Represents what's good for humanity
52
Rogue individuals must be ______ to abide by the general will ____ change the general will
Forced; or
53
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
Wrote A vindication of the rights of women
54
Main themes of A Vindication of the Rights of Women
If the arbitrary power of monarchs is wrong, so is the similar power of men over women. Enlightenment was based on reason since women can reason, they should have the same rights as men.
55
Who was the founder of the modern movement for women's rights?
Mary Wollstonecraft
56
Mary Wollstonecraft was whose mother?
Mary Shelley
57
When did society start to lose faith in the government?
Watergate
58
In _______ publishers went from 300 to 600
20 years
59
During the spread of enlightenment ideas the daily newspapers began to
take off
60
What is a Salon?
An elegant sitting room where people discussed new ideas of philosophies
61
New inventions during the scientific revolution
1.) Telescope 2.) Microscope 3.) Chronometer
62
Francois Viete
Used letters as parameters of an equation (Foundations of Trig)
63
Simon Stevin
Created the decimal system
64
John Napier
Created logarithms
65
Secrets of nature were written in the language of math. True or False
True
66
The Ptolemaic system constructed the universe in a
Geocentric model
67
The ______ accepted this view.
Roman Catholic Church
68
Who was the believer in the heliocentric model?
Nicolaus Copernicus. His theory did not completely explain how and why planets orbit.
69
Johannes Kepler:
Confirmed heliocentric view using math
70
Galileo Galilei
First European to make regular observations using a telescope. Found mountains on the moon and four moons around Jupiter. Observations continued to destroy the Ptolemaic system.
71
Church ordered Galilei to abandon the Copernican idea. True or False.
True
72
Newton
A professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. Wrote Principia. Defined three laws of motion and gravitation
73
Margaret Cavendish
Self-taught English aristocrat. Questioned the belief of humans as masters of the universe
74
Maria Winkelmann
German Astronomer married Prussia's foremost astronomer. After husband's death she could not take over the lab
75
Rene Descartes:
Wrote about doubt and Reason. "I think therefore I am." Established that reason is the chief source of knowledge.
76
Who was the father of the Cartesian Coordinate system?
René Descartes
77
Francis Bacon
Created the scientific method. Believed that humans could conquer nature.
78
Mary Shelley
English novelist who wrote Frankenstein
79
Who broke literary conventions?
Mary Shelley
80
Romanticism was a rejection of the scientific revolution. True or False.
True
81
Theme of Frankenstein
Man vs. Nature
82
Frankenstein was the first book of what genre?
Scientific Fiction

HUM2020 (5 decks)

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