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HUM2020 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What change established Protestantism as a branch of Christianity?

A

The Reformation

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2
Q

Protestant

A

A Christian who does not adhere to Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Orthodox Beliefs

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3
Q

Examples of Corruption in the Church

A

1.) Popes were more interested in politics than religion
2.) Some priests were illiterate
3.) The Church became a place to advance careers and increase wealth
4.) The selling of indulgences

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4
Q

What is an indulgence?

A

Buying a pardon to advance careers and increase wealth

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5
Q

Who is Martin Luther?

A

A German monk posted his 95 theses to a church door in 1517 CE. His beliefs became the first protestant beliefs

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6
Q

What were the 95 theses?

A

A list of complaints about the church

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7
Q

Two groups that agreed with the 95 theses:

A

Nobles who resented the pope and peasants who believed in equality

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8
Q

Who was excommunicated by Pope Leo X?

A

Martin Luther

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9
Q

Who talked about power, grace, and the glory of God?

A

John Calvin

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10
Q

Who was John Calvin?

A

A French Protestant who agreed that faith alone was enough for salvation. Spread to parts of France, Scotland, and the Netherlands.

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11
Q

Calvinist Beliefs

A

Punished for crimes like dancing, swearing, drinking, and playing cards.

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12
Q

Predestined

A

Chosen in advance (The elect)

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13
Q

Reprobate

A

Wicked person beyond the hope of salvation

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14
Q

Consistory

A

A court enforcing moral discipline

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15
Q

Romanticism

A

A rxn to the enlightenment and scientific revolution movements of the 17th-18th century

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16
Q

What was romanticism dedicated to?

A

Studying the beauty in nature

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17
Q

What did romanticism reject the truth of?

A

Empirical observation

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18
Q

What are the 2 beliefs of romanticism?

A

1.) Recognized the role of feeling or emotion, particularly in moral matters
2.) Personal experiences matter more than the truth of the matter

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19
Q

Characteristics of Romanticism

A
  • Interest in the common man and childhood
  • strong sense of emotions
  • awe of nature
    -celebration of the individual
  • importance of imagination
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20
Q

What was The Age of Enlightenment?

A

Philosophical movement by those greatly impressed with the scientific revolution

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21
Q

Believers saw themselves as part of a revolutionary development to replace superstition, rituals/ corrupt traditions with reason/ productive energy. True or False.

A

True

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22
Q

During which movement was systematic logic/reason used to solve the problems of humankind.

A

Age of Enlightened

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23
Q

What are the powers of humankind?

A

1.) Commitment to reason
2.) Trust in modern sciences to solve problems
3.) Commitment to the idea of progress
4.) Belief in essential goodness
5.) Emphasis upon the individual as the master of fate/fortune

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24
Q

During the Age of Enlightenment, many believed the same systematic investigation of the scientific revolution could find the natural laws of human society. True or False.

A

True.

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25
Q

Who was John Locke?

A

An English philosopher and physician

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26
Q

Beliefs of John Locke

A
  • At birth, the mind was a blank slate
    -Humans have free will
  • Virtue can be learned and practiced
  • Individuals must become a “rational creature”
  • People are shaped by experiences in the surrounding world
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27
Q

What is a key belief of John Locke?

A

Change the environment, change the people

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28
Q

Who believed the divine right was ridiculous?

A

John Locke

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29
Q

Montesquieu

A

Wrote Spiritual Laws

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30
Q

What is the book Spiritual Laws about?

A

The study of government using the scientific method. The discovery of natural laws in social and political relationships.

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of government?

A

Republic, Monarchy, and Despotism

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32
Q

Republics

A

Small states
Ex: Rome

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33
Q

Monarchy

A

Moderate-sized states
Ex: Greece and Rome

34
Q

Despotism

A

Large States
Ex: Rome

35
Q

Spiritual Laws identify:

A

the separation of power, checks and balances.

36
Q

Purpose of checks and balances

A

Limit parts of the government from becoming to strong

37
Q

Voltaire

A

Championed religious toleration

38
Q

Deism

A

Religious philosophy based on natural law where a mechanic (God) created the universe

39
Q

What does the mechanic do?

A

Create the universe, set it in motion and allow it to run without interference

40
Q

Who criticized Christianity?

A

Voltaire- an advocate of freedom of religion, speech, and separation of church and state.

41
Q

Denis Diderot

A

Created the Encyclopedia

42
Q

The Encyclopedia called for…

A

social, legal and political reform

43
Q

The encyclopedia’s articles…

A

attacked religious superstition and supported religious tolerance.

44
Q

The encyclopedia

A

Consisted of 28 volumes and spread many Enlightenment ideas

45
Q

Topic covered in the encyclopedia

A

Medicine, Herbalism, Tools

46
Q

Adam Smith

A

Studied economics and wrote Wealth of Nations

47
Q

Beliefs of Adam Smith

A

If individuals are free to pursue their own economic self-interest, society benefits. Government should allow the free play of economics forces.

48
Q

Government should only do the following:

A

-Protect society from invasion
-Defend the citizens from injustice
-Maintain public works that are too expensive for individuals

49
Q

Rousseau

A

Wrote Social Contract and believed that people are enslaved by the government while trying to preserve private property

50
Q

Social Contract

A

Entire society agrees to be governed by its general will

51
Q

General Will

A

Represents what’s good for humanity

52
Q

Rogue individuals must be ______ to abide by the general will ____ change the general will

A

Forced; or

53
Q

Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?

A

Wrote A vindication of the rights of women

54
Q

Main themes of A Vindication of the Rights of Women

A

If the arbitrary power of monarchs is wrong, so is the similar power of men over women. Enlightenment was based on reason since women can reason, they should have the same rights as men.

55
Q

Who was the founder of the modern movement for women’s rights?

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

56
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft was whose mother?

A

Mary Shelley

57
Q

When did society start to lose faith in the government?

A

Watergate

58
Q

In _______ publishers went from 300 to 600

A

20 years

59
Q

During the spread of enlightenment ideas the daily newspapers began to

A

take off

60
Q

What is a Salon?

A

An elegant sitting room where people discussed new ideas of philosophies

61
Q

New inventions during the scientific revolution

A

1.) Telescope
2.) Microscope
3.) Chronometer

62
Q

Francois Viete

A

Used letters as parameters of an equation (Foundations of Trig)

63
Q

Simon Stevin

A

Created the decimal system

64
Q

John Napier

A

Created logarithms

65
Q

Secrets of nature were written in the language of math. True or False

A

True

66
Q

The Ptolemaic system constructed the universe in a

A

Geocentric model

67
Q

The ______ accepted this view.

A

Roman Catholic Church

68
Q

Who was the believer in the heliocentric model?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus. His theory did not completely explain how and why planets orbit.

69
Q

Johannes Kepler:

A

Confirmed heliocentric view using math

70
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

First European to make regular observations using a telescope. Found mountains on the moon and four moons around Jupiter. Observations continued to destroy the Ptolemaic system.

71
Q

Church ordered Galilei to abandon the Copernican idea. True or False.

A

True

72
Q

Newton

A

A professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. Wrote Principia. Defined three laws of motion and gravitation

73
Q

Margaret Cavendish

A

Self-taught English aristocrat. Questioned the belief of humans as masters of the universe

74
Q

Maria Winkelmann

A

German Astronomer married Prussia’s foremost astronomer. After husband’s death she could not take over the lab

75
Q

Rene Descartes:

A

Wrote about doubt and Reason. “I think therefore I am.”
Established that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

76
Q

Who was the father of the Cartesian Coordinate system?

A

René Descartes

77
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Created the scientific method. Believed that humans could conquer nature.

78
Q

Mary Shelley

A

English novelist who wrote Frankenstein

79
Q

Who broke literary conventions?

A

Mary Shelley

80
Q

Romanticism was a rejection of the scientific revolution. True or False.

A

True

81
Q

Theme of Frankenstein

A

Man vs. Nature

82
Q

Frankenstein was the first book of what genre?

A

Scientific Fiction

HUM2020 (5 decks)

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