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Biology 182 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biomes

A

broad geographic areas with smaller climate and communities

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2
Q

subsidence zones

A

slightly cooler and dry air sinking =tropical and subtropical desert

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3
Q

convection cell

A

movement of a fluid due to temperature driven density dependent differences

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4
Q

Hadley cell

A

0-200-300 N/S. convection driven, high temps cause air to warm and rise. flow towards poles, cools around 20-300 n/s

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5
Q

Ferrel Cell

A

350 and 550 lat. not convection driven. friction with surrounding cells. transfer of heat energy. secondary zone of precipitation (550). temperate rainforest

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6
Q

Polar Cell

A

above 600 lat. convection driven. cold air intently sinks at poles. air rises by 600 lat. cold, very little rainfall.

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7
Q

intertropical convergence zone

A

composed of cloud clusters as a result of warm , moist area being forced upwards (equator)

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8
Q

westerlies

A
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9
Q

easterlies

A
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10
Q

winter solstice

A

December 21. closest to sun

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11
Q

summer solstice

A

June 21. farthest away from sun

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12
Q

fall/autumnal equinox

A

September 23

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13
Q

spring/vernal equinox

A

march 21

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14
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

air rises up a mountain range, decreases in pressure causing expansion, reducing the temperature.

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15
Q

rain shadow

A

drier air descend, producing a region where precipitation is noticeably less (Great Basin desert, Death Valley)

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16
Q

sea breeze

A

local wind that blows from an ocean towards land, cooling the land (during day)

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17
Q

land breeze

A

local wind blows from land over the ocean (night)

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18
Q

population

A

all the organisms of the same species within an area at the same time

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19
Q

population ecology

A

what factors affect population range, density and growth and how these change over a space and time

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20
Q

population demography

A

tracking population changes over time

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21
Q

distribution

A

pattern of how the individuals in a population are distributed in a space at a given time

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22
Q

population density

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

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23
Q

mist net

A

birds and bats

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24
Q

pitfall trap

A

spiders, lizards, beetles

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25
Q

survivorship curve

A

number of surviving individuals at each age

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26
Q

logistic growth

A

limiting resources, s curve,

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27
Q

exponential growth

A

resources unlimited, J curve, r value is constant, growth depends on value of N and r. plentiful in resources

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28
Q

per capita rate of increase

A

b/population - d/population

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29
Q

carrying capacity

A

number of individuals a an environment can support

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30
Q

amensalisms

A

detrimental to 1 species and neutral to the other

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31
Q

commensalism

A

species that benefits typically gain nutrients, shelter, support or locomotion from the host species, while host is not affected

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32
Q

predation

A

feed on prey and cause death

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33
Q

herbivory

A

eats plants

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34
Q

parasitism

A

long term relationship but may or may not have death

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35
Q

parasitoidism

A

long term relationship and causes deaths

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36
Q

niche

A
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37
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A
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38
Q

resource partitioning

A
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39
Q

density dependent factor

A

disease, competition, predation, parasitism

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40
Q

density independent factor

A

weather, natural disaster, environmental

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41
Q

inverse density dependent factor

A

Allee effect, territorial predation

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42
Q

community ecology

A

factors that influence the number and abundances of species in a community

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43
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

addresses flows of energy and production of biomass

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44
Q

species richness

A

number of different species in a community

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45
Q

species evenness

A
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46
Q

peninsular effect

A
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47
Q

species time hypothesis

A

temperate regions are geologically younger and less rich communities

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48
Q

species area hypothesis

A

larger areas have greater range of habitats and more species

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49
Q

species productivity hypothesis

A

higher productivity by primary producers result in high species richness

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50
Q

succession

A

gradual change in species composition and community structure over time

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51
Q

primary succession

A

on newly exposed site not previously occupied by soil and vegetation

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52
Q

secondary succession

A

on a site that already supported life but had undergone a disturbance such as fire, tornado, hurricane or flood

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53
Q

facilitation

A

each colonizing species creates a more favorable habitat for the succeeding species

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54
Q

inhibition

A

early colonists can prevent later arrivals from replacing them

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55
Q

tolerance

A
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56
Q

food chain

A

linear depiction of energy flow

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57
Q

food web

A

model of interconnect food chains in which there are multiple links among species

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58
Q

heterotroph

A

organisms that receive their nutrition by eating other organisms

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59
Q

autotroph

A

obtained energy from harvesting light energy

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60
Q

photoautotroph

A
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61
Q

chemoautotroph

A
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62
Q

primary producer

A

produce energy rich and organic molecules which other organisms depend on

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63
Q

primary consumer

A

heterotrophs that obtain food by consuming primary producers

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64
Q

secondary consumer

A

organisms that feed on primary consumers

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65
Q

tertiary consumer

A

organisms that feed on secondary consumers

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66
Q

decomposer

A

eats unconsumed plants, animal remains, waste products

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67
Q

ecological pyramids

A

show distributions between trophic levels

68
Q

gross primary production

A
69
Q

biotic

A

interactions among organisms and living components in their environment

70
Q

abiotic

A

physical, non living component of an ecosystem

71
Q

polar climates

A

cold and dry

72
Q

temperate climates

A

wet and seasonal

73
Q

desert climates

A

hot and dry

74
Q

leeward

A

sheltered from wind

75
Q

surface currents

A

generated by friction on the ocean surface from major surface winds that cause sea surface move

76
Q

gyres

A

wind driven surface currents that combine together into huge circular systems

77
Q

sea surface temp in western side of oceans

A

higher and tropical environments extend further northwestern side

78
Q

sea surface temp in eastern side of oceans

A

lower and cold loving organisms occur closer to equator

79
Q

resources

A

anything that meets basic need of an individual to be successful

80
Q

limiting resources

A

specific resources that have an effect on where and in what abundance organisms exist

81
Q

clumped dispersal

A

individuals aggregated in patches. most common type. heterogenous environment and resources are not equally distributed. increases the effectiveness of predation, defense and mating

82
Q

uniform dispersal

A

even spaced, less common, territoriality

83
Q

random dispersal

A

unpredicted spacing, least common

84
Q

drawbacks of capture method

A

animals can avoid traps or take advantage of resources

85
Q

change in population size

A

births-deaths

86
Q

R

A

difference between number of births and number of deaths

87
Q

type 1 survivability

A

low death rates in early years but high among older age groups. few offspring and high parental investments

88
Q

type 3 survivability

A

high death rates for young. large number of offspring and little to no parental care

89
Q

type 2 survivability

A

intermediates

90
Q

if r<0

A

both population decline and N>K

91
Q

if r>0

A

N<K

92
Q

standardized variable

A

are variables that are held constant in the experiment (all treatment groups including control) in order to keep results comparable

93
Q

natural selection

A
94
Q

p in hardy

A
95
Q

q in hardy

A
96
Q

2pq in hardy

A
97
Q

q2 in hardy

A
98
Q

p2 in hardy

A
99
Q

alleles

A
100
Q

convergent evolution

A

two or more distinct species share traits NOT due to a
common ancestor

101
Q

analogous

A

characteristics that have a similar function (because they are
adapted to function in a specific environment) but arose independent

102
Q

homologous

A

anatomic structures that have different outward
appearances and function, but are structurally similar because of share ancestry

103
Q

artificial selection

A

Breeding programs and procedures
designed to produce plants and animals (domesticated) with specific traits

104
Q

vestigal structure

A

Features that served an importation function in an ancestor, but have little to
no use in the descendent

105
Q

molecular homology

A

similarities sequences of genes or proteins which were inherited from a common ancestor

106
Q

gene pool

A

all copies of every allele at every locus in all members in a population

107
Q

polymorphism

A
108
Q

monophyletic

A
109
Q

monomorphic

A
110
Q

microevolution

A

change in allele
frequency in a population.

111
Q

directional selection

A

Success of individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range within
a particular environment

112
Q

balancing selection

A

The “weaker” or “less fit” allele is not eliminate (i.e.
preserves unfavorable recessive allele)

113
Q

stabilizing selection

A

Favors survive of individuals with intermediate phenotype

114
Q

sexual selection

A

type of natural selection – certain inherited
traits make an individuals more likely to obtain a mat

115
Q

diversifying selection

A

Success of two of more different phenotype which are
produced by different genotypes

116
Q

heterozygous advantage

A
117
Q

negative frequency dependent selection

A

Fitness of phenotype decreases when its frequency becomes high

118
Q

intrasexual

A

Members of one sex compete amongst themselves for
access to the opposite sex

119
Q

intersexual

A

Members of one sex (usually females) choose among
multiple individuals of the opposite sex to mate with

120
Q

genetic drift

A

a change in allele frequencies that occurs by random
chance

121
Q

bottleneck effect

A

a populations size is reduced for at least 1 generation by a
dramatic event and then rebuilds

122
Q

founders effect

A

a few individuals break away from a larger (i.e. parent) population to “found” a new population in a new isolate are

123
Q

gene flow

A
124
Q

macroevolution

A
125
Q

species concept

A
126
Q

biological species concept

A
127
Q

speciation

A
128
Q

allopatric

A
129
Q

sympatric

A
130
Q

adaptive radiation

A
131
Q

polyploidy

A
132
Q

autopolyploidy

A
133
Q

allodiploid

A
134
Q

allopolyploidy

A
135
Q

Hox gene

A
136
Q

heterochrony

A
137
Q

molecular clock

A
138
Q

neutral theory of evolution

A
139
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A
140
Q

vertical gene transfer

A
141
Q

prebiotic soup

A
142
Q

extraterrestrial hypothesis

A
143
Q

deep sea vent hypothesis

A
144
Q

reducing atmosphere hypothesis

A
145
Q

protocell

A
146
Q

liposome

A
147
Q

micelles

A
148
Q

vesicles chemical evolution

A
149
Q

RNA world heterotrophs

A
150
Q

autotrophs

A
151
Q

stromatolites

A
152
Q

oxygen revolution

A
153
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A
154
Q

Cambrian explosion

A
155
Q

binocular vision

A
156
Q

hominin

A
157
Q

bipedal

A
158
Q

brachiation

A
159
Q

savanna hypothesis

A
160
Q

sex for food hypothesis

A
161
Q

mosaic evolution

A
162
Q

out of Africa hypothesis

A
163
Q

extremophiles

A
164
Q

bolaamphiiphilic membrane

A
165
Q

gram staining

A
166
Q

gram positive

A
167
Q

gram negative

A

Biology 182 (4 decks)

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