Final Exam Flashcards
Biomes
broad geographic areas with smaller climate and communities
subsidence zones
slightly cooler and dry air sinking =tropical and subtropical desert
convection cell
movement of a fluid due to temperature driven density dependent differences
Hadley cell
0-200-300 N/S. convection driven, high temps cause air to warm and rise. flow towards poles, cools around 20-300 n/s
Ferrel Cell
350 and 550 lat. not convection driven. friction with surrounding cells. transfer of heat energy. secondary zone of precipitation (550). temperate rainforest
Polar Cell
above 600 lat. convection driven. cold air intently sinks at poles. air rises by 600 lat. cold, very little rainfall.
intertropical convergence zone
composed of cloud clusters as a result of warm , moist area being forced upwards (equator)
westerlies
easterlies
winter solstice
December 21. closest to sun
summer solstice
June 21. farthest away from sun
fall/autumnal equinox
September 23
spring/vernal equinox
march 21
adiabatic cooling
air rises up a mountain range, decreases in pressure causing expansion, reducing the temperature.
rain shadow
drier air descend, producing a region where precipitation is noticeably less (Great Basin desert, Death Valley)
sea breeze
local wind that blows from an ocean towards land, cooling the land (during day)
land breeze
local wind blows from land over the ocean (night)
population
all the organisms of the same species within an area at the same time
population ecology
what factors affect population range, density and growth and how these change over a space and time
population demography
tracking population changes over time
distribution
pattern of how the individuals in a population are distributed in a space at a given time
population density
number of individuals per unit area or volume
mist net
birds and bats
pitfall trap
spiders, lizards, beetles
survivorship curve
number of surviving individuals at each age
logistic growth
limiting resources, s curve,
exponential growth
resources unlimited, J curve, r value is constant, growth depends on value of N and r. plentiful in resources
per capita rate of increase
b/population - d/population
carrying capacity
number of individuals a an environment can support
amensalisms
detrimental to 1 species and neutral to the other
commensalism
species that benefits typically gain nutrients, shelter, support or locomotion from the host species, while host is not affected
predation
feed on prey and cause death
herbivory
eats plants
parasitism
long term relationship but may or may not have death
parasitoidism
long term relationship and causes deaths
niche
competitive exclusion principle
resource partitioning
density dependent factor
disease, competition, predation, parasitism
density independent factor
weather, natural disaster, environmental
inverse density dependent factor
Allee effect, territorial predation
community ecology
factors that influence the number and abundances of species in a community
ecosystem ecology
addresses flows of energy and production of biomass
species richness
number of different species in a community
species evenness
peninsular effect
species time hypothesis
temperate regions are geologically younger and less rich communities
species area hypothesis
larger areas have greater range of habitats and more species
species productivity hypothesis
higher productivity by primary producers result in high species richness
succession
gradual change in species composition and community structure over time
primary succession
on newly exposed site not previously occupied by soil and vegetation
secondary succession
on a site that already supported life but had undergone a disturbance such as fire, tornado, hurricane or flood
facilitation
each colonizing species creates a more favorable habitat for the succeeding species
inhibition
early colonists can prevent later arrivals from replacing them
tolerance
food chain
linear depiction of energy flow
food web
model of interconnect food chains in which there are multiple links among species
heterotroph
organisms that receive their nutrition by eating other organisms
autotroph
obtained energy from harvesting light energy
photoautotroph
chemoautotroph
primary producer
produce energy rich and organic molecules which other organisms depend on
primary consumer
heterotrophs that obtain food by consuming primary producers
secondary consumer
organisms that feed on primary consumers
tertiary consumer
organisms that feed on secondary consumers
decomposer
eats unconsumed plants, animal remains, waste products
ecological pyramids
show distributions between trophic levels
gross primary production
biotic
interactions among organisms and living components in their environment
abiotic
physical, non living component of an ecosystem
polar climates
cold and dry
temperate climates
wet and seasonal
desert climates
hot and dry
leeward
sheltered from wind
surface currents
generated by friction on the ocean surface from major surface winds that cause sea surface move
gyres
wind driven surface currents that combine together into huge circular systems
sea surface temp in western side of oceans
higher and tropical environments extend further northwestern side
sea surface temp in eastern side of oceans
lower and cold loving organisms occur closer to equator
resources
anything that meets basic need of an individual to be successful
limiting resources
specific resources that have an effect on where and in what abundance organisms exist
clumped dispersal
individuals aggregated in patches. most common type. heterogenous environment and resources are not equally distributed. increases the effectiveness of predation, defense and mating
uniform dispersal
even spaced, less common, territoriality
random dispersal
unpredicted spacing, least common
drawbacks of capture method
animals can avoid traps or take advantage of resources
change in population size
births-deaths
R
difference between number of births and number of deaths
type 1 survivability
low death rates in early years but high among older age groups. few offspring and high parental investments
type 3 survivability
high death rates for young. large number of offspring and little to no parental care
type 2 survivability
intermediates
if r<0
both population decline and N>K
if r>0
N<K
standardized variable
are variables that are held constant in the experiment (all treatment groups including control) in order to keep results comparable
natural selection
p in hardy
q in hardy
2pq in hardy
q2 in hardy
p2 in hardy
alleles
convergent evolution
two or more distinct species share traits NOT due to a
common ancestor
analogous
characteristics that have a similar function (because they are
adapted to function in a specific environment) but arose independent
homologous
anatomic structures that have different outward
appearances and function, but are structurally similar because of share ancestry
artificial selection
Breeding programs and procedures
designed to produce plants and animals (domesticated) with specific traits
vestigal structure
Features that served an importation function in an ancestor, but have little to
no use in the descendent
molecular homology
similarities sequences of genes or proteins which were inherited from a common ancestor
gene pool
all copies of every allele at every locus in all members in a population
polymorphism
monophyletic
monomorphic
microevolution
change in allele
frequency in a population.
directional selection
Success of individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range within
a particular environment
balancing selection
The “weaker” or “less fit” allele is not eliminate (i.e.
preserves unfavorable recessive allele)
stabilizing selection
Favors survive of individuals with intermediate phenotype
sexual selection
type of natural selection – certain inherited
traits make an individuals more likely to obtain a mat
diversifying selection
Success of two of more different phenotype which are
produced by different genotypes
heterozygous advantage
negative frequency dependent selection
Fitness of phenotype decreases when its frequency becomes high
intrasexual
Members of one sex compete amongst themselves for
access to the opposite sex
intersexual
Members of one sex (usually females) choose among
multiple individuals of the opposite sex to mate with
genetic drift
a change in allele frequencies that occurs by random
chance
bottleneck effect
a populations size is reduced for at least 1 generation by a
dramatic event and then rebuilds
founders effect
a few individuals break away from a larger (i.e. parent) population to “found” a new population in a new isolate are
gene flow
macroevolution
species concept
biological species concept
speciation
allopatric
sympatric
adaptive radiation
polyploidy
autopolyploidy
allodiploid
allopolyploidy
Hox gene
heterochrony
molecular clock
neutral theory of evolution
horizontal gene transfer
vertical gene transfer
prebiotic soup
extraterrestrial hypothesis
deep sea vent hypothesis
reducing atmosphere hypothesis
protocell
liposome
micelles
vesicles chemical evolution
RNA world heterotrophs
autotrophs
stromatolites
oxygen revolution
endosymbiotic theory
Cambrian explosion
binocular vision
hominin
bipedal
brachiation
savanna hypothesis
sex for food hypothesis
mosaic evolution
out of Africa hypothesis
extremophiles
bolaamphiiphilic membrane
gram staining
gram positive
gram negative
