Final Exam Flashcards
Types of AW assessment
Input/resource based measures (assess aspects of the animals environment)
Animal or outcome based measures (assess the actual state of the animal)
Management based measures (assess the overall level of management, AC procedures)
What is minimalistic AW assessment
Identify a small number of indicators to predict animal welfare
Who can assess AW
Producers, veterinarians, auditing organizations, scientists
Types of audits
Internal audit (self assessment)
Second party (customer)
Third party (auditing body)
What are the six views on AW
Contractarian
Utilitarian
Animal rights
Contextual approaches
Respect for nature
Combination/hybrid
What is contractarian view
Individuals who can contract into morality
1 stand to gain from contract
2 capable of entering/maintaining contract
Human centered
Animal use acceptable if it brings benefit to humans
More benefit = more care
What is the utilitarian view
Consequences should aim to maximize pleasure and minimize pain/suffering
Pain is pain
Animals can suffer, interest in avoiding it
Pleasant life, death leads to another pleasant life
What is the animal rights view
Animals should not be used no matter the circumstance
Rights given to species possessing sentience
Abolish experimentation, agriculture, pets
What is the contextual view
Consider relationship with owner, emotions towards the animal, prior interaction
Pain/suffering wrong bc we sympathize?
‘Special obligation’ to vulnerable animals
What is respect for nature
Concern for extinction of species
Value in membership of species, not individuals
What is a grand challenge
Set of unsolved problems to spark progress in the field
Four grand challenges
Rising population, food demand, energy demand
Climate change
What are the five domains of animal welfare
good nutrition
good environment
good health
appropriate behaviour
positive mental experiences
What are functional, natural and affective states
Functional = health, freedom from disease, nutrition
Natural = natural environment, behaviour, nature
Affective state = pleasure, pain, happiness
For a decision by a veterinarian to be considered ethical, it must be demonstrated to be appropriate and beneficial to…
The animal
The owner
Society
The veterinarian
The veterinary profession
What is compassion fatigue
Caregiver’s reduced ability or interest in being empathetic or being unable to bear the suffering of his or her clients
Causes of compassion fatigue in vets
Unrealistic client expectations
Conflict between client/animal interests
Financial obligations
Animal suffering
Emotional attachment to animals 50%
Euthanasia of animals 75%
Outcomes of inability to pay for veterinary treatment
Euthanasia
Co-pay financial plan
Pro-bono treatment
No treatment
Surrender to humane society, vet clinic
Justifications of euthanasia
End animal suffering
Address welfare issues
Protect society
Protect other animals
Economic
If a life worth living is not possible, then…
A good death may be preferable
What is a motivational state
states within the brain that determine the likelihood and intensity of a given behavioral pattern
What needs to be provided for animals to behave normally
Make sure animals have enough space, proper facilities, and the company of animals of their own kind
Root causes of animal neglect
Absentee owner/caretaker
Financial constraints
Physical constraints
Lack of knowledge
Inept application of good management practices
Age related
Insensitivity to welfare animals
Responses to SPCA AW investigation
Leave if unfounded
Verbal warning to improve conditions
Written warning
Warning letter
Seizure of animals
Prosecution
Prohibition order
Three circles of AW
Health
Emotions
Natural living
What are the five freedoms
Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom from fear and distress
Freedom to express normal behaviour
What are the five provisions
Provide ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor
Provide an appropriate environment including shelter and comfortable resting area
Preventing/rapid diagnoses and treatment
Ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering
Provide sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal’s own kind
How do determine if an animal is in pain
Physiological changes
Behavioural changes
Sensory/sensitivity testing
Grimace scales
Lameness scores
Posture, gait, activity, vocalization, mental state, evoked behaviour
What is a motivational state
States within the brain that determine the likelihood and intensity of a given behavioural pattern
Aims of AW assessment
Improve AW
Identify best practices
Identify areas of opportunity
Assess if a facility meets welfare regulations
Certify a facility
What is a trigger audit
Audit is scheduled following a trigger, such as complaint, result of assessment reports
Problem with self-assessment
Bias
barn blindness (ask another producer)
Goals of second party assessment
Verifies that requirements are being followed, promote partnership/understanding
Goal of third party assessment
Validate the program participants compliance to a written standard, performed by auditing organization
Advantages/disadvantages of animal based measures
Adv = most directly related to AW, easy/reliable
Disadv = Costly/time consuming, specialized training, does not establish cause
Advantages of resource based measures
Adv = easy to audit, can prevent welfare problems
Advantages/disadvantages of management based measures
Adv = assess how best practices are implemented
Disadv = not direct measure of welfare, recordkeeping
Quantitative vs qualitative risk assessment
Qualitative (severity) = #hazards, how severe the they are is
Quantitative (incidence) = how long it lasts (how long is feed intake reduced etc), how many animals get it (duration/likelihood)
What is the critical level
Criterion which separates acceptability from unacceptability
After a complaint is received and a code compliance inspection is done, what are the three outcomes?
Fully compliant = tell producer
Minor non compliance = tell producer with corrective actions
Moderate and severe non compliance = board reviews, re-inspection, license suspended or not
Why chose individual housing? Group?
Individual = decreases aggression, competition, illness
Group = social contact, naturalness, increased space
Risk assessment is?
Ranking the threats to AW
Ranking of tie stalls, free stalls or straw yards
Worst = free stalls (leg/locomotion issues, too few stalls/cow)
Then tie stalls (inadequate bedding, no exercise)
Best is straw yard (but causes udder problems)
Suffering in animals
Animal experiences pain and shows reduced frequency of behaviours known to be important to it (depression)
Can also be associated with fear, breaking of will
What happens to + and - motivated behaviours during suffering
Decreased in positively motivated behaviours
Decrease in negatively motivated behaviours (escaping aversive) = learned helplessness
If the number of cows per feeder increases, what happens?
Time spent feeding decreases by 2/3
Eating rate >3x
Deletion of what gene is associated with weight and appetite in labradors
Canine POMC (while selecting for labs with high food drive = easier to train working dogs)
How do codes of practice relate to freedom from hunger and thirst
They include feed and water requirements for each species
Common water requirements in codes of practice
Palatable, clean
Constant access
Unfrozen
What is quantitative restriction? Leads to what?
Restricts quantity fed
Modified behaviours and stereotypies (prevention of foraging behaviours)
What is qualitative restriction
Lower quality feed fed ad libitum
No signs of hunger/stress
Pain in animals is an..
Aversive sensory experience eliciting protective motor actions
Results in learned avoidance
What is pain that may not have a well defined onset and may not respond to typically effective treatments
Chronic neuropathic pain
What is nociception
Detection of noxious stimulus, not the same as pain as does not require mental processing of the brain
Pain from stimulation which is not normally painful is
Increased pain when the same noxious stimulus is repeated is
Allodynia
Hyperalgesia
Responses to pain..
Postural responses
Gait changes
Activity (restlessness, head turn towards pain)
Vocalization
Mental state (BAR vs depressed)
Evoked behaviour (prey species don’t watch approach, wildlife allow to approach)
Grimace scales
How to relieve pain
Opiods
Anti-inflammatories
Anesthesia
Relationship between welfare and disease
Disease will cause poor welfare, which initiates immunosuppression and can cause disease
Anthropocentric vs anthropomorphic
Centric = man has dominion
Morphic = man has no dominion
Three stress models
Environmental
Psychological
Biological
Biotechnologies for measuring fear in animals
Telemetry Heart Rate
Endocrinology (cortisol lvls)
Infrared thermography
Using IRT to measure acute vs chronic stress
Acute stress will cause a drop in temperature
once hypothalamus registers the stressor (chronic stress) increase in temperature
BUT then HPA fatigue over very long time leads to decrease in temperature
Reasons to early detect disease
Reduce treatment cost (improve efficacy)
Improved performance
Improved AW
Reduced morbidity period
Research techniques used in dairy
Reversal learning to test adaptability/flexibility
Preference testing
Motivation testing (“pay a price”)
How does cortisol vary normally
Throughout the day, during play/reproduction
Should be paired with another factor
Disadvantages of living in wild
Change in habitat
The elements
Inconsistent food access
Hunger, habitat loss
Predators
Competition
Illness/disease
Advantages to living in wild
Free to express natural behaviours, control environment, reproduce
How do animal protection laws vary in provinces and territories
Provincial animal protection stronger than criminal code
Ontario lacks protection laws
- rules legislated municipally
Alberta has the strongest legislation for..
Protecting wild animals in captivity
Dale Gienow’s wildlife center called…
Muskoka Wildlife Center
Permits that WILDNorth has
CVMA permit
Federal permit for work/care/release of migratory birds
Provincial rehabilitation permit
Animals selected for high production efficiency are more prone to…
Behavioural, physiological and immunological problems
Genetic selection in dogs emphasized ____________ over _________________
Morphological standards/behavioural traits over health and functional attributes
Genetic selection of laying hens for high rates of lay lead to
Loss of bone mineral = skeletal problems, increased fragility (fractures)
Selection for high milk production in dairy cattle leads to…
Ketosis, fat liver, inflammation, mastitis, lameness, low heat tolerance
Disease that is directly related to selection for leaner carcass in pigs
Porcine stress syndrome
Why use animals in research
Advance scientific understanding
Study disease in animals and humans
Develop and test potential treatments and vaccines
Areas of research using animals? What animals?
Cancer, disease, pain, neuroscience/behaviour research
Use mice, fish, birds, cattle, rats, amphibians, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits
Most common animals used in research
mice and fish
Three R’s of animal research
Replacements (replace use of animals)
Reduction (fewer animals used; minimum necessary)
Refinement (modification of procedures to minimize pain/distress)
What do institutions need in order to use animals in their research
Canadian Council on Animal Care requires there to be an animal care committee (ACC)
ACC should include
Scientist
Vet
Community rep
Institutional member not using animals
Technical staff
Student representation
ACC coordinator
What can the ACC do
Stop any objectionable procedures causing unnecessary pain or distress
Have animals killed humanely
Examples of replacement dimension
Cell culture systems
Human volunteers
Species of lower phylogeny
Imaging techniques
Organoids
Skin models
Refinement to improve AW requires
Scientific validation (benefits animal)
Does not detract from scientific integrity
Numbers below or above the minimum necessary amount of animals needed (reduction) leads to..
Experiment becomes meaningless, unethical
Comorbidities of obesity
Metabolic abnormalities (diabetes)
Orthopedic & joint concerns (arthritis, ligament tearing)
Respiratory and cardiac issues
Health and welfare implications of obesity
Exercise/heat intolerance
Reduced immune function
Reduced longevity/quality of life
Lean feeding dogs had impacts on what?
Reduced BW
Increased lifespan
Reduced metabolic issues
Delay onset of age related concerns
Energy requirements depend on
Breed/size
Life stage
Physical activity
Habitat (indoor vs outdoor)
Metabolizable energy accounts for
Gas, fecal and urine losses
