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An Sc 376 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Types of AW assessment

A

Input/resource based measures (assess aspects of the animals environment)
Animal or outcome based measures (assess the actual state of the animal)
Management based measures (assess the overall level of management, AC procedures)

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2
Q

What is minimalistic AW assessment

A

Identify a small number of indicators to predict animal welfare

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3
Q

Who can assess AW

A

Producers, veterinarians, auditing organizations, scientists

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4
Q

Types of audits

A

Internal audit (self assessment)
Second party (customer)
Third party (auditing body)

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5
Q

What are the six views on AW

A

Contractarian
Utilitarian
Animal rights
Contextual approaches
Respect for nature
Combination/hybrid

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6
Q

What is contractarian view

A

Individuals who can contract into morality
1 stand to gain from contract
2 capable of entering/maintaining contract
Human centered
Animal use acceptable if it brings benefit to humans
More benefit = more care

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7
Q

What is the utilitarian view

A

Consequences should aim to maximize pleasure and minimize pain/suffering
Pain is pain
Animals can suffer, interest in avoiding it
Pleasant life, death leads to another pleasant life

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8
Q

What is the animal rights view

A

Animals should not be used no matter the circumstance
Rights given to species possessing sentience
Abolish experimentation, agriculture, pets

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9
Q

What is the contextual view

A

Consider relationship with owner, emotions towards the animal, prior interaction
Pain/suffering wrong bc we sympathize?
‘Special obligation’ to vulnerable animals

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10
Q

What is respect for nature

A

Concern for extinction of species
Value in membership of species, not individuals

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11
Q

What is a grand challenge

A

Set of unsolved problems to spark progress in the field

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12
Q

Four grand challenges

A

Rising population, food demand, energy demand
Climate change

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13
Q

What are the five domains of animal welfare

A

good nutrition
good environment
good health
appropriate behaviour
positive mental experiences

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14
Q

What are functional, natural and affective states

A

Functional = health, freedom from disease, nutrition
Natural = natural environment, behaviour, nature
Affective state = pleasure, pain, happiness

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15
Q

For a decision by a veterinarian to be considered ethical, it must be demonstrated to be appropriate and beneficial to…

A

The animal
The owner
Society
The veterinarian
The veterinary profession

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16
Q

What is compassion fatigue

A

Caregiver’s reduced ability or interest in being empathetic or being unable to bear the suffering of his or her clients

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17
Q

Causes of compassion fatigue in vets

A

Unrealistic client expectations
Conflict between client/animal interests
Financial obligations
Animal suffering
Emotional attachment to animals 50%
Euthanasia of animals 75%

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18
Q

Outcomes of inability to pay for veterinary treatment

A

Euthanasia
Co-pay financial plan
Pro-bono treatment
No treatment
Surrender to humane society, vet clinic

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19
Q

Justifications of euthanasia

A

End animal suffering
Address welfare issues
Protect society
Protect other animals
Economic

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20
Q

If a life worth living is not possible, then…

A

A good death may be preferable

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21
Q

What is a motivational state

A

states within the brain that determine the likelihood and intensity of a given behavioral pattern

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22
Q

What needs to be provided for animals to behave normally

A

Make sure animals have enough space, proper facilities, and the company of animals of their own kind

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23
Q

Root causes of animal neglect

A

Absentee owner/caretaker
Financial constraints
Physical constraints
Lack of knowledge
Inept application of good management practices
Age related
Insensitivity to welfare animals

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24
Q

Responses to SPCA AW investigation

A

Leave if unfounded
Verbal warning to improve conditions
Written warning
Warning letter
Seizure of animals
Prosecution
Prohibition order

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25
Q

Three circles of AW

A

Health
Emotions
Natural living

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26
Q

What are the five freedoms

A

Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom from fear and distress
Freedom to express normal behaviour

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27
Q

What are the five provisions

A

Provide ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor
Provide an appropriate environment including shelter and comfortable resting area
Preventing/rapid diagnoses and treatment
Ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering
Provide sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal’s own kind

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28
Q

How do determine if an animal is in pain

A

Physiological changes
Behavioural changes
Sensory/sensitivity testing
Grimace scales
Lameness scores
Posture, gait, activity, vocalization, mental state, evoked behaviour

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29
Q

What is a motivational state

A

States within the brain that determine the likelihood and intensity of a given behavioural pattern

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30
Q

Aims of AW assessment

A

Improve AW
Identify best practices
Identify areas of opportunity
Assess if a facility meets welfare regulations
Certify a facility

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31
Q

What is a trigger audit

A

Audit is scheduled following a trigger, such as complaint, result of assessment reports

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32
Q

Problem with self-assessment

A

Bias
barn blindness (ask another producer)

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33
Q

Goals of second party assessment

A

Verifies that requirements are being followed, promote partnership/understanding

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34
Q

Goal of third party assessment

A

Validate the program participants compliance to a written standard, performed by auditing organization

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35
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of animal based measures

A

Adv = most directly related to AW, easy/reliable

Disadv = Costly/time consuming, specialized training, does not establish cause

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36
Q

Advantages of resource based measures

A

Adv = easy to audit, can prevent welfare problems

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37
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of management based measures

A

Adv = assess how best practices are implemented

Disadv = not direct measure of welfare, recordkeeping

38
Q

Quantitative vs qualitative risk assessment

A

Qualitative (severity) = #hazards, how severe the they are is

Quantitative (incidence) = how long it lasts (how long is feed intake reduced etc), how many animals get it (duration/likelihood)

39
Q

What is the critical level

A

Criterion which separates acceptability from unacceptability

40
Q

After a complaint is received and a code compliance inspection is done, what are the three outcomes?

A

Fully compliant = tell producer

Minor non compliance = tell producer with corrective actions

Moderate and severe non compliance = board reviews, re-inspection, license suspended or not

41
Q

Why chose individual housing? Group?

A

Individual = decreases aggression, competition, illness

Group = social contact, naturalness, increased space

42
Q

Risk assessment is?

A

Ranking the threats to AW

43
Q

Ranking of tie stalls, free stalls or straw yards

A

Worst = free stalls (leg/locomotion issues, too few stalls/cow)

Then tie stalls (inadequate bedding, no exercise)

Best is straw yard (but causes udder problems)

44
Q

Suffering in animals

A

Animal experiences pain and shows reduced frequency of behaviours known to be important to it (depression)

Can also be associated with fear, breaking of will

45
Q

What happens to + and - motivated behaviours during suffering

A

Decreased in positively motivated behaviours

Decrease in negatively motivated behaviours (escaping aversive) = learned helplessness

46
Q

If the number of cows per feeder increases, what happens?

A

Time spent feeding decreases by 2/3
Eating rate >3x

47
Q

Deletion of what gene is associated with weight and appetite in labradors

A

Canine POMC (while selecting for labs with high food drive = easier to train working dogs)

48
Q

How do codes of practice relate to freedom from hunger and thirst

A

They include feed and water requirements for each species

49
Q

Common water requirements in codes of practice

A

Palatable, clean
Constant access
Unfrozen

50
Q

What is quantitative restriction? Leads to what?

A

Restricts quantity fed
Modified behaviours and stereotypies (prevention of foraging behaviours)

51
Q

What is qualitative restriction

A

Lower quality feed fed ad libitum
No signs of hunger/stress

52
Q

Pain in animals is an..

A

Aversive sensory experience eliciting protective motor actions
Results in learned avoidance

53
Q

What is pain that may not have a well defined onset and may not respond to typically effective treatments

A

Chronic neuropathic pain

54
Q

What is nociception

A

Detection of noxious stimulus, not the same as pain as does not require mental processing of the brain

55
Q

Pain from stimulation which is not normally painful is

Increased pain when the same noxious stimulus is repeated is

A

Allodynia

Hyperalgesia

56
Q

Responses to pain..

A

Postural responses
Gait changes
Activity (restlessness, head turn towards pain)
Vocalization
Mental state (BAR vs depressed)
Evoked behaviour (prey species don’t watch approach, wildlife allow to approach)
Grimace scales

57
Q

How to relieve pain

A

Opiods
Anti-inflammatories
Anesthesia

58
Q

Relationship between welfare and disease

A

Disease will cause poor welfare, which initiates immunosuppression and can cause disease

59
Q

Anthropocentric vs anthropomorphic

A

Centric = man has dominion
Morphic = man has no dominion

60
Q

Three stress models

A

Environmental
Psychological
Biological

61
Q

Biotechnologies for measuring fear in animals

A

Telemetry Heart Rate
Endocrinology (cortisol lvls)
Infrared thermography

62
Q

Using IRT to measure acute vs chronic stress

A

Acute stress will cause a drop in temperature

once hypothalamus registers the stressor (chronic stress) increase in temperature

BUT then HPA fatigue over very long time leads to decrease in temperature

63
Q

Reasons to early detect disease

A

Reduce treatment cost (improve efficacy)
Improved performance
Improved AW
Reduced morbidity period

64
Q

Research techniques used in dairy

A

Reversal learning to test adaptability/flexibility

Preference testing

Motivation testing (“pay a price”)

65
Q

How does cortisol vary normally

A

Throughout the day, during play/reproduction
Should be paired with another factor

66
Q

Disadvantages of living in wild

A

Change in habitat
The elements
Inconsistent food access
Hunger, habitat loss
Predators
Competition
Illness/disease

67
Q

Advantages to living in wild

A

Free to express natural behaviours, control environment, reproduce

68
Q

How do animal protection laws vary in provinces and territories

A

Provincial animal protection stronger than criminal code
Ontario lacks protection laws
- rules legislated municipally

69
Q

Alberta has the strongest legislation for..

A

Protecting wild animals in captivity

70
Q

Dale Gienow’s wildlife center called…

A

Muskoka Wildlife Center

71
Q

Permits that WILDNorth has

A

CVMA permit
Federal permit for work/care/release of migratory birds
Provincial rehabilitation permit

72
Q

Animals selected for high production efficiency are more prone to…

A

Behavioural, physiological and immunological problems

73
Q

Genetic selection in dogs emphasized ____________ over _________________

A

Morphological standards/behavioural traits over health and functional attributes

74
Q

Genetic selection of laying hens for high rates of lay lead to

A

Loss of bone mineral = skeletal problems, increased fragility (fractures)

75
Q

Selection for high milk production in dairy cattle leads to…

A

Ketosis, fat liver, inflammation, mastitis, lameness, low heat tolerance

76
Q

Disease that is directly related to selection for leaner carcass in pigs

A

Porcine stress syndrome

77
Q

Why use animals in research

A

Advance scientific understanding
Study disease in animals and humans
Develop and test potential treatments and vaccines

78
Q

Areas of research using animals? What animals?

A

Cancer, disease, pain, neuroscience/behaviour research

Use mice, fish, birds, cattle, rats, amphibians, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits

79
Q

Most common animals used in research

A

mice and fish

80
Q

Three R’s of animal research

A

Replacements (replace use of animals)
Reduction (fewer animals used; minimum necessary)
Refinement (modification of procedures to minimize pain/distress)

81
Q

What do institutions need in order to use animals in their research

A

Canadian Council on Animal Care requires there to be an animal care committee (ACC)

82
Q

ACC should include

A

Scientist
Vet
Community rep
Institutional member not using animals
Technical staff
Student representation
ACC coordinator

83
Q

What can the ACC do

A

Stop any objectionable procedures causing unnecessary pain or distress
Have animals killed humanely

84
Q

Examples of replacement dimension

A

Cell culture systems
Human volunteers
Species of lower phylogeny
Imaging techniques
Organoids
Skin models

85
Q

Refinement to improve AW requires

A

Scientific validation (benefits animal)
Does not detract from scientific integrity

86
Q

Numbers below or above the minimum necessary amount of animals needed (reduction) leads to..

A

Experiment becomes meaningless, unethical

87
Q

Comorbidities of obesity

A

Metabolic abnormalities (diabetes)
Orthopedic & joint concerns (arthritis, ligament tearing)
Respiratory and cardiac issues

88
Q

Health and welfare implications of obesity

A

Exercise/heat intolerance
Reduced immune function
Reduced longevity/quality of life

89
Q

Lean feeding dogs had impacts on what?

A

Reduced BW
Increased lifespan
Reduced metabolic issues
Delay onset of age related concerns

90
Q

Energy requirements depend on

A

Breed/size
Life stage
Physical activity
Habitat (indoor vs outdoor)

91
Q

Metabolizable energy accounts for

A

Gas, fecal and urine losses

An Sc 376 (11 decks)

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