FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What are the levels of analysis?
- Biological
- Social
- Psychological
Basic knowledge
- Additional to knowledge
- Discovery / invention
- Mere academic
Applied knowledge
- Solution to existing problems
- Innovation / application
- Practical use for solving problems
Negative correlation
-0.0 to -1.0
Positive correlation
0.0 to 1.0
Case study
Phineas Gage
What does the nervous system consist of?
Peripheral and Central nervous system
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
Autonomic and Somatic
Autonomic
Controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands
What does the autonomic system consist of?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Arousing
Parasympathetic
Calming
What does the somatic system consist of?
Sensory input and motor output
Motor neurons
Carry messages OUTWARDS
Sensory neurons
Carry messages INWARDS
Zygotes
- Fertilized eggs
- Fewer than half survive past the first two
Embryo
INNER zygote cells
Placenta
OUTER zygote cells
Fetus
- 9 weeks after conception
- By 6 months there is a good chance of survival outside the womb
Teratogens
Viruses and drugs – why pregnant women shouldn’t drink or smoke
Environmental Factors
- The placenta filters out harmful substances, some slip by
- Alcohol reduces CNS activity for both mother and baby
- Drinking while pregnant can make baby like alcohol more (not good)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Low birth weight, birth defects, future behavioral issues, lower intelligence
Epigenetic Effect
- Chemical marks on DNA
- Alcohol = switches genes on and off abnormally
- Smoking = weakens ability to handle stress
Secure attachment style
Comfortable with intimacy and autonomy in close relationships, self confident
Preoccupied attachment style
Overly invested and involved in close relationships (depending on others)
Dismissing attachment style
Compulsively self-reliant, distant in relationships
Fearful attachment style
Dependent on others, but avoids intimacy due to fear of rejection
Sex hormones
Estrogens and testosterone
Hormones and sexual behavior
- Direct development of sexual organs prenatally
- Surge rushes us into adolescence during puberty
- After puberty, they facilitate sexual behavior
Predicting sexual restraint: high intelligence
- Consider more negative consequences
- More focused on achievement than pleasure
Predicting sexual restraint: Religious engagement
Wait for adulthood and long term relationships
Predicting sexual restraint: Father presence
- Having a close family
- Both parents matter
Predicting sexual restraint: service learning participation
Possibly reduces free time – less chances for sex
Projective test
- Personality test with ambiguous images that bring out “inner feelings”
- Usually used to identify the way a person may perceive situations
ex. Rorschach Inkblot Test
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Self-actualization
- Esteem
- Love and belonging
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs
Self-actualization
Desire to become the most that one can be
Esteem
Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
Love and belonging
Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
Safety needs
Personal security, employment, resources, health, property
Physiological needs
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
What are B.F. Skinner’s 3 questions?
- How can we more carefully measure the effect of consequences on chosen behavior?
- What else can creatures be taught to do by controlling consequences?
- What happens when we change the timing of reinforcement?
Fixed ratio
Every so many; reinforcement after every nth behavior
(Rat gets food every 3rd time it pressed the lever)
(Buy 8 pizzas, get the next one free)
(Getting paid for every 10 boxes you make)
Variable ratio
Reinforcement after a random number of behaviors
(Hitting a jackpot sometimes on the slot machine)
(Kid has tantrum, parents sometimes give in)
Fixed interval
Every so often; reinforcement for behavior after a fixed time
(Getting paid weekly no matter how much work is done)
(Repeatedly checking mail until paycheck arrivals)
Variable interval
Unpredictably often; reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time
(Checking cell phone all day; sometimes getting a text)
(Winning sometimes on the lottery you play once a day)
When are response rates most CONSISTENT?
Variable
When are response rates HIGHEST?
Ratio
Positive punishment
Administer an aversive stimulus
(Spray water on a barking dog; give a traffic ticket for speeding)
Negative punishment
Withdraw a rewarding stimulus
(Take away a misbehaving teen’s driving privileges; revoke a rude person’s chat room access)
What type of punishment is more effective than threats of severe punishment?
Swift and sure
What are some examples of aversion?
- When you eat bad food (more likely to develop aversion to bad food you ate in general, not the place you ate it from)
- Instead of killing wolves, it works to feed the lamb laced with poison so the wolves develop aversion to sheep
What is observational learning (social learning)?
Modeling
Bobo Doll experiment
Children are able to learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning
Recall
Measure of memory
(fill in the blanks)
Recognition
Measure of memory
(multiple choice)
Relearning
Time saved when learning something again
(we remember more than we can recall)
What is the order of memory retrieval?
- Sensory input
- Sensory memory
- Encoding
- Working/short term memory
- Encoding
- Long-term memory storage
Encoding
Getting info INTO brain
Retrieval
Getting info OUT of brain
What are the levels of processing?
- Structural (shallow): What does the word look like?
- Phonetic: What does the word sound like?
- Semantic (deep): What does the word mean?
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior (Disruptive)
Statistically atypical, deviates from cultural norms
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior (Dysfunctional)
Compromises ability to lead satisfying life, function effectively, or dangerous to self/others
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior (Distressful)
The person finds it troubling
Biopsychosocial Approach
- Recognizes all the previously mentioned factors as potential influences
- Psychological disorders are caused by multiple factors
- Vulnerability-stress model or diathesis-stress model (pre-existing conditions can put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder)
Critiques of DSM
- Relies too much on social norms and subjective judgments
- Too many new categories w/o sufficient evidence
- Loosened standards to meet criteria
- Heterogeneity of presentation
- Comorbidity
- Focuses on problems, not strengths
Manic Episode (Bipolar 1)
Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy LASTING AT LEAST 1 WEEK
Hypomanic Episode (Bipolar 2)
4 consecutive days
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Our stress response system defends, then fatigues
Indicated by Hans Selye
Functions of stress
- Can invigorate our lives by arousing and motivating us
- Stress keeps us SAFE
Functions of anger
- Promotes survival
- Motivating
- Serves as a social and personal value indicator and regulator
- Used as a “bargaining tool” and increase cooperation
- Can alert us to injustices
Fundamental Attribution Error
An individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control
ex) we might infer people fall because they’re clumsy rather than they tripped.
Cognitive component
Beliefs
ex.) the belief that global warming is real and happening in the world
Behavioral
Actions
ex.) riding your bike to work instead of driving your car
Affective component
Feelings
ex.) feeling negative about the state of the world and other people’s indifference
