EXAM 1 Flashcards
The scientific attitude is comprised of…
curiosity, skepticism, and HUMILITY
Structuralism
TITCHNER
What were the structures of mind?
WHAT the mind and consciousness WERE
Functionalism
JAMES
Practice applications-what were the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings?
HOW mind and consciousness WORKED
Behaviorism
Study of OBSERVABLE behavior
if something isn’t observable, it cannot be tested
Levels of analysis
Biological, psychological, social
Basic subfield
additional to knowledge
Applied subfield
Solution to existing problems
Positive correlation
0.0 to 1.0
Negative correlation
-0.0 to -1.0
Action potential
Brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps the axon
Resting potential
The stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron
Depolarization
The movement of a cell’s membrane potential to a more positive value
Repolarization
The change in membrane potential, returning to a negative value
Hyperpolarization (refractory period)
A change in a cell’s membrane potential that makes it more negative
Case study
Phineas Gage
Neural impulse
dendrite to axon to myelin sheath
Agonist
Increases a neurotransmitter’s action
Increase production or release
Blocks reuptake
Antagonist
Inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action
Blocks production or release
Chemical balance
Overflowing a brain with opiates may case it to stop producing its own
What does the nervous system consist of?
Peripheral and Central nervous system
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
Autonomic and somatic
Autonomic
Controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands
What does the autonomic system consist of?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Arousing
Parasympathetic
Calming
What does the somatic system consist of?
Sensory input and motor output
Hormones
Glands that are involuntary
Transported through the blood
Neurotransmitters
Neurons that are voluntary or involuntary
Transported through neurons
Endocrine system
Hypothalamus : controls the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
Secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands
Motor neurons
Carry messages OUTWARDS
Sensory neurons
Carry messages INWARDS
PET scan
Measures consumption of energy (glucose)
Brain stem
Attaches to the spinal cord
Involuntary responses
-Midbrain
-Pons
-Medulla
Pons
Connects cerebellum and brain stem
Sleep and arousal
Medulla
Controls vital functions and regulates reflexes
Hippocampus
Processes conscious, explicit memories
Decreases in size and function w/ age
No hippocampus = no new memories
The brain consists of which 4 lobes?
Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
Frontal lobe
Motor control
Problem solving
Speech production
Parietal lobe
Touch perception
Body orientation and sensory discrimination
Temporal lobe
Auditory processing (hearing)
Language comprehension
Memory / info retrieval
Occipital lobe
Sight
Visual reception and visual interpretation
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination
What part of the body has the most sensory neurons?
Hands and mouth
Corpus callosum
Connects the 2 hemispheres
Responsible for relaying info between them
Sensation
Occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli
Perception
When sensory info is organized and interpreted, enabling recognition
Sensory receptors
Nerve endings
Signal Detection Theory
Predicts when we detect weak signals
Subliminal
Ever notice that when you’re driving you hate pedestrians, the way they saunter through the crosswalk, almost daring you to hit them, but when you’re walking you hate drivers?
Holding a gun makes people more likely to perceive someone else is holding a gun
We perceive things based on the context of the situation
Motivation
“Energy” for achieving goals
Desired object are perceived as closer
Destinations seems farther away when we’re tired or carrying a heavy load
Losing weight can make destinations seem closer
Softballs seem bigger when you’re hitting well
Emotion
Emotions can change perceptions
i.e. sad music (mourning vs. morning)
Short wavelength
High frequency
BLUE
Long wavelength
Low frequency
RED
Great amplitude
BRIGHT colors
Small amplitude
DULL colors
What is the process of the eye?
- Light enters cornea
- Passes through pupil
- Iris
- Hits transparent lens which
- Focuses rays onto retina by changing curvature and thickness
- Brain processes this Information very fast
Are there more cones or rods?
More rods
What are the 2 stages of color processing?
- The retina’s red, green, and blue cones respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli (Trichromatic theory)
- The cones’ responses are then processed by opponent-process cells
(Hering’s theory)
What is included in parallel processing?
Motion, form, depth, color
What is the process of seeing a scene?
Scene
Retinal processing
Feature detection
Parallel processing
Recognition
Sound waves
Air molecules create waves of compressed and expanded air (ears detect brief air pressure changes)
Short wavelength
High frequency
HIGH-PITCHED SOUNDS
Long wavelength
Low frequency
LOW-PITCHED SOUNDS
Great amplitude
LOUD SOUNDS
Small amplitude
SOFT SOUNDS
Ear drum
Tight membrane where sound waves strike
Middle ear
Chamber between ear drum and cochlea
Cochlea
Fluid filled tube in inner ear
Vibrations causes hairs to move in ear that trigger nerve impulses
What is the process of sound entering the ear?
Ear drum
Middle ear
Inner ear
Cochlea
Semicircular
Vestibular sacs
Auditory nerve
Loudness
Number of hair cells activated
Gate-Control Theory
Spinal cord contains “gate”
Blocks pain signals or allows them to go to brain
“Gate” is opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“Gate” is closed by larger fibers OR info coming from brain
Smell
Olfactory neurons bypass thalamus
How many exam scores are dropped?
1
Do you need to email if you miss class?
No
