EXAM 4 Flashcards
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior (Disruptive)
Statistically atypical, deviates from cultural norms
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior (Dysfunctional)
Compromises ability to lead satisfying life, function effectively, or dangerous to self/others
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior (Distressful)
The person finds it troubling
Biopsychosocial Approach
Recognizes all the previously mentioned factors as potential influences
Psychological disorders are caused by multiple factors
Vulnerability-stress model or diathesis-stress model (pre-existing conditions can put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder)
Purpose of classification
- Understand, treat, prevent, predict
- Communication between clinicians
- Billing/Managed care
DSM
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
ICD
The International classification of diseases
Critiques of DSM
- Relies too much on social norms and subjective judgments
- Too many new categories w/o sufficient evidence
- Loosened standards to meet criteria
- Heterogeneity of presentation
- Comorbidity
- Focuses on problems, not strengths
Neurodevelopmental disorders in general
Diagnosed in childhood
Often due to
- genetic differences
- atypical brain development (structure/function)
- prenatal exposure to teratogens
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Symptoms
Excessive anxiety and worry
OCD Criteria
- Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both
- These are time consuming and/or cause significant distress
Obsessions
THOUGHTS
Compulsions
ACTIONS
OCD Cycle
Obsessions –> Anxiety –> Compulsion –> Relief –>
Major Depressive Disorder
Depressed mood most of the day
Diminished interest or pleasure
Must experience 5 or more symptoms during a 2-week period
Persistent Depressive Disorder
When these symptoms persist for 2 years
Manic Episode (Bipolar 1)
Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy LASTING AT LEAST 1 WEEK
Hypomanic Episode (Bipolar 2)
4 consecutive days
Physical indications of fight or flight response
- Dilated pupils
- Trembling
- Pale or flushed skin
- Rapid heart beat and breathing
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Our stress response system defends, then fatigues
Indicated by Hans Selye
Functions of stress
- Can invigorate our lives by arousing and motivating us
- Stress keeps us SAFE
Functions of anger
- Promotes survival
- Motivating
- Serves as a social and personal value indicator and regulator
- Used as a “bargaining tool” and increase cooperation
- Can alert us to injustices
Social Determinants of Health
- Economic stability
- Education access and quality
- Health care access and quality
- Neighborhood and built environment
- Social and community context
- Institutionalized discrimination = chronic stress
Emotion-focused coping skills
Self-care activities, involves regulating your feelings
(exercise, taking a bath, meditating)
Problem-focused coping skills
Facing the problem head-on
(Work on managing time, ask for support, created a to-do list)
External locus of control
Attributing outcomes to such things as luck, fate, or chance
(“Things happen to me,” “why is it always me?,” “There’s nothing I can do about my future”)
Internal locus of control
The outcomes of actions are results of own abilities
(“I determine my future,” “I make things happen,”)
Social Support
Calms us, lowers blood pressure, reduces stress hormones
Leads to strong immune functioning
Religion
Healthy behaviors
Social support
Positive emotions
Overall better health
Influences on well-being
Emotional ups and downs tend to balance out over the long run
We overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our resiliency
Adaptation level phenomenon
Tendency to form judgments relative to our prior experience
Relative deprivation
Perception that one is worse off than those in comparison
Happiness is not related to…
Age, gender, physical attractiveness
Schizophrenia
The mind’s split from reality
Only 1 in 7 make full recovery
Positive symptoms (schizophrenia)
Inappropriate behaviors are present (adding)
Negative symtoms (schizophrenia)
Appropriate behaviors are absent (taking way)
Hallucinations
False perceptions
See, hear, feel, taste, smell
Most often voices that give orders
Delusions
False beliefs
Paranoid tendencies
Selective attention
Schizophrenia: Brain Abnormalities
Dopamine overactivity (pos. symtoms)
Abnormal activity (low in frontal lobes)
Abnormal anatomy (enlarged fluid filled ventricles)
Prenatal environment (schizophrenia)
Low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older mom, and oxygen deprivation at delivery
Fetal viral infections
Dissociative Disorders
Controversial and rare
Conscious awareness dissociates
Dissociative Identity Disorder
2 or more distinct personalities
They deny awareness of each other
Personality Disorders
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Lower emotional intelligence
Impulsive
Reduced activation to witnessing danger
