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Intro to Sociology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a racial group?

A

A group set apart based on physical differences that have social significance

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2
Q

What is an ethnic group?

A

A group set apart based on national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

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3
Q

What is a minority group?

A

A subordinate group who has significantly less control and power over lives than the dominant group has over theirs

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4
Q

What are the 5 properties of the minority group?

A

Unequal treatmet
* Ex: denying rent to certain groups of people

Physical or cultural traits
* Ex: society defines what features are most important

Ascribed status
* People born into this group

Solidarity
* In- vs. out-group / us vs. them

In-group marriage
* Unwillingness to marry outside race; fits in with solidarity

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5
Q

How is race a social construct?

A
  • Process to define groups as a race based in part of physical characteristics but also historical, cultural, and economic factors
  • Powerful and privileged benefit
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6
Q

What is racial formation?

A
  • How racial definitions are cemented
  • The way in which racial categories are created and transformed
  • Those in power define the groups
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7
Q

What is prejudice?

A

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, usually racial or ethnic minority

(Perpetuates false narratives and based in ethnocentrism)

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8
Q

What forms does prejudice come in?

A
  • Open expression
  • Stereotyping - unreliable generalizations about all members of a goup that don’t recognize individual differences (created by dominant majority)
  • Hate crimes
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9
Q

What is racism?

A
  • The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
  • Class and citizenship become proxies for race
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10
Q

What is color-blind racism?

A
  • Principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
  • Claim everyone is treated equally
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11
Q

What is discrimination?

A

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice

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12
Q

What was Devah Pager’s experiment?

A
  • Studied racial discrimination in hiring
  • 2 black and 2 white students applied, one of each with a prior record
  • White with criminal background got more callbacks than Black without criminal record
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13
Q

What is white privilege?

A

Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor because they’re white

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14
Q

Who is Peggy McIntosh?

A

A sociologist who studies white privilege

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15
Q

What is institutional discrimination?

A

Denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that result from the normal operations of a society

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16
Q

What is redlining?

A

Pattern of discrimination against people who try to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods

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17
Q

What is affirmative action?

A

Positive efforts to recruit minority groups or women to jobs, education, and promotions

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18
Q

What is the functionalist view on race/ethnicity?

A
  • Dominant majority benefits from the subordination of racial minorities
  • Moral justification for unequal society and discourage questioning status quo
  • Dysfunction - aggravates problems, undercuts diplomatic relationships
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19
Q

What is the conflict view on race/ethnicity?

A
  • Vested interests perpetuate racial inequality through economic exploitation
  • Racism keeps minorities in low paying jobs and rich then have low wages for all
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20
Q

What is the labeling view on race/ethnicity?

A
  • People are profiled and stereotyped based on their racial and ethnic identity
  • Racial profiling by police, airport security, and customs
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21
Q

What is the interactionist view on race/ethnicity?

A
  • Cooperative interracial contacts can reduce hostility
  • Contact hypothesis - in cooperative circumstances interracial contact will reduce prejudice
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22
Q

What is genocide?

A

The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

Ex: the Holocaust; Native Americans in the US

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23
Q

What is expulsion?

A

An effort to push individuals out of the nation

Ex: Myanmar killing the Muslim minority in effort to remove them from the country

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24
Q

What is succession?

A

Drawing formal boundaries of land between groups

Ex: succession of Pakistan from India (Muslims and Hindus)

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25
Q

What is segregation?

A

The physical separation of two groups of people

Ex: Apartheid - South African policy designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and Non-Whites from Whites from 1948 to 1990
* Nelson Mandela - 1st Black President of South Africa in 1994 after 28 years in prison for activism

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26
Q

What is segregation in the suburbs?

A

A concept from the book American Apartheid by Massey and Denton that talks about segregation in US based on concentration of US neighborhoods

Ex: Ferguson, MO - over 20 years went from 25% black to 65%

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27
Q

What is amalgamation?

A

When a majority group and minority combine to form a new group

A + B = C

Ex: intergroup marriage over generations creates this

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28
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural traditions to become part of a new one (follow dominant culture)

A + B + C = A

Ex: Italians, Polish, and Germans changed last names in US

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29
Q

What is pluralism?

A

Mutual respect for one another’s culture among the various groups in society

Also called multiculturalism

A + B + C = A + B + C

Problem is it is an ideal, not a reality
* Ex: need to learn English and mus have a consensus on ideals, values, and beliefs for a society

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30
Q

Why is there a massive racial disparity in the Criminal Justice System?

A

Black individuals are overrepresented in system - spike since the 1980s because of an era of mass incarceration
* Has been referred to as the New Jim Crow - Michelle Alexander wrote a book on it

War on Drugs started by Nixon heightened policies which target certain groups of people

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31
Q

What is the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986?

A

Created mandatory minimum sentences

Created 100-to-1 rule
* 10 years minimum for 5,000g of coke is the same as 50g of crack
* Disparity from who uses each drug (white-coke, black-crack)

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32
Q

What are gender roles?

A
  • Expectations of proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
  • People judged by masculine and feminine qualities
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33
Q

Why do gender roles start early in life?

A

Rooted in homophobia
* Fear and prejudice of homosexuality
* Stray from gender norms then presumed lesbian or gay
* Stigma attached pushes men to be masculine and females to be feminine

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34
Q

What is gender identity?

A

How people see themselves as male or female or something else
* Can differ from biological sex at birth

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35
Q

What is sexual identity?

A

Self-awareness of being romantically or sexually attracted to a defined group of people

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36
Q

What is the functionalist view on gender?

A

Say that gender contributes to stability in society by creating a division of labor in families

Talcott Parsons - big name in this

Women display expressiveness
* Concerns the maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of the family

Males display instrumentality
* Emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distinct goals, and a concern for the external relationship between family and institutions

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37
Q

What is the conflict view on gender?

A

Focus on the power relationship of men and women

Roles of men and women are not equal

Instrumental skills are more valued than expressive skills in terms of money and presitge

Cultural beliefs perpetuate this as beliefs ingrained
* Support social structure with men at top

Subjugation of women by men
* Men’s work valued and women’s work devalued

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38
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

The overlapping and interdependent system of advantage and disadvantage that positions people in society

Race + Gender + Class = compound disadvantage

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39
Q

What is a matrix of domination?

A

Cumulative impact of oppression because of race, ethnicity, genders, and class + sexual orientation, age, and disability

Created by intersectionality

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40
Q

What is sexism?

A

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other

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41
Q

What is the main idea of institutional sexism?

A

All major institutions are run by men and perpetuate sexism

Women face both sexism and institutional discrimination

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42
Q

What does the glass ceiling do?

A

Prevents upward vertical mobility

Prevents horizontal mobility by limiting fast track jobs that lead to leadership roles

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43
Q

What is the gender pay gap?

A

Women make 83 cents for every $1 that a man makes

Hard to break glass ceiling

However, when men enter female dominated fields, they rise quickly up ranks (glass elevator)

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44
Q

Who is Lilly Ledbetter?

A

An american activist for equal pay

Worked for Goodyear Tires as a supervisor
* Found out she was paid thousands less than men in the same position
* Filed a sex discrimination lawsuit and won but lost on appeal so she went to SCOTUS where she lost on a timeline technicality

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45
Q

What is the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009?

A

Lessen the timeline restrictions on filing discrimination suits - now unrestricted

President Obama’s 1st piece of legistlation signed

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46
Q

What is the second shift?

A

The double burden of work that many women face and few men
* Work outside home + childcare and housework
* Women are twice as likely to oversee running household and 8x more likely to take time off for sick child than men

Coined by Arlie Hochschild

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47
Q

What is feminism?

A

The ideology that favors equal rights for women

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48
Q

What was the first wave of feminism?

A
  • Started in 1848 in NY
  • Fought for equal legal and political rights (voting)
  • Susan B. Anthony arrested for voting in election
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49
Q

What was the second wave of feminism?

A
  • Started in 1960s and 70s
  • Feminine Mystique written by Betty Friedan
  • Civil rights movement allowed women to examine their powerlessness
  • Started to form a consciousness like class consciousness
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50
Q

What is sexual harassment?

A

The unwanted or unwelcomed sexual advance that interferes with ability to perform and enjoy job

51
Q

What was Meritor Saving Bank vs Vinson?

A

SCOTUS case that affirmed sexual harassment cases

52
Q

What was Vance vs Ball State U?

A

Made it difficult to win harassment cases if perpetrator does not have firing ability

53
Q

What is the economic system?

A

Social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed

54
Q

What is the political system?

A

Social institutions that are founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing society’s goals

55
Q

What are preindustrial societies?

A

Hunter-gatherer or agrarian societies that are no longer common

56
Q

What are industrial societies?

A

Mechanization to produce goods and services

Industrial revolution - focus on factory work

57
Q

What are the 3 types of industrial societies?

A

Capitalist, Socialist, and Communist

58
Q

What is Capitalism?

A

Means of production are held largely by private hands and main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit

59
Q

What is Laissez-faire?

A

“Let them do”

People compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy

Adam Smith (Father of economics) is a big proponent

60
Q

What is contemporary capitalism?

A

Still focus on profit and ownership but with regulations

Regulations help consumers and not endanger workers

Monitor prices, set safety standards, and environmental protection, and regulate collective bargaining with unions

61
Q

What is a monopoly?

A
  • Control of the market by a single business firm
  • Allows 1 firm to control price, quality, and availability
  • Violate the principle of free competition and laissez-faire capitalism
  • Outlaw monopoly via antitrust laws
  • Current monopoly - Ticketmaster + Live Nation
62
Q

What is socialism?

A

Means of production and distribution in society are collectively owned rather than privately owned

Developed by Marx and Engels

Objective is meet people’s needs rather than profit
* Believe government should make economic decisions
* Government owns the means of production

63
Q

What is communism?

A

All property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made based on people’s ability to produce

64
Q

What is power?

A

The ability to exercise one’s will over others

Overcome resistance to control individuals’ behavior

65
Q

What are the three basic sources of power?

A

Force - actual or threat of coercion to impose one’s will

Influence - exercise of power through persuasion

Authority - institutionalized power that is recognized by the people who it exercised

66
Q

What are the three classifications of authority (Weber)?

A

Traditional
* Power is conferred by custom and accepted practice
* King or Queen

Rational-Legal
* Power conferred from law (constitution)
* President or Prime Minister

Charismatic
* Power legitimate by leader’s exceptional personal appeals to their followers

67
Q

What is a monarchy?

A

Head of state is a single member of a royal family

68
Q

What is an oligarchy?

A

Few individuals rule (rich)

In modern times rule by military or party

69
Q

What is a dictatorship?

A

Government which is ruled by 1 person who has nearly all the power to make and enforce laws

Rule through coercion and fear

Seize power instead of freely elected

70
Q

What is totalitarianism?

A

Virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of society’s social and political life

71
Q

What is democracy?

A

Government by the people

Everyone has a voice (better in smaller societies)

72
Q

What is a representative democracy?

A

Certain individuals are selected to speak for the people

Vote for members of Congress and in State Legislatures

73
Q

What is the Power Elite Model?

A

Power elite - small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the US

3 Levels of PEM
* Top - corporate rich, military leaders, and executive branch
* Middle - legislators, opinion leaders, and interest groups
* Bottom - exploited masses, majority of population

Developed by C. Wright Mills

74
Q

What is the Pluralist Model?

A

Many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant

75
Q

What is deindustrialization?

A

Widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants

Targets and locations of investment change and need for labor decreases

Move from US to other countries (outsourcing)

76
Q

What is downsizing?

A

Reductions taken in a company’s workforce

77
Q

What is sharing economy?

A

Connecting owners to underused assests with others willing to pay to use them

Ex: Uber, Lyft, Airbnb, and Pet Care

78
Q

What is temporary workforce?

A

Individuals have precarious work - employment that is poorly paid, insecure, and unprotected

Workers usually cannot support household, vulnerable to poverty, and lack benefits

Ex: part-time job

79
Q

What is offshoring?

A

The transfer of work to foreign contractors

Turn to locations in developing countries

Main purpose is to raise profits

Reshoring - bring jobs back to US (uncommon)

80
Q

What is health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

81
Q

What is the sick role?

A

Social expectations about the attitudes and behaviors of an ill person
* Exempt from responsibilities
* Obligation to seek care
* Physicians are gatekeepers of sick role

Developed by Talcott Parsons

82
Q

What is the medicalization of society?

A

Regulating society and manifesting social control

Physicians determine the illness and disease, the appropriate treatment, and patients’ views
* Apply the medical model

83
Q

What is the Brain Drain?

A

Immigration to the US and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are needed in home country

84
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of distribution of diseases, impairment, and general health status across the population

85
Q

What is morbidity, mortality, and comorbidity?

A

Morbidity - rate of disease in a given population
Mortality - rate of death in a given population
Comorbidity - presence of more than 1 disease

86
Q

What is the Harrison Narcotics Act?

A

Those who import or manufacture opium or physicians must register and pay a tax to government

87
Q

What is the Anti-Heroin Act?

A

Makes heroin illegal in 1924

88
Q

What is the Controlled Substance Act?

A

Legal foundation to combat drug use and abuse in the US

Regulate the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of substances

Establishes 5 schedules of drugs based on 3 criteria:
* Acceptable medical use
* Abuse potential
* Dependency potential

89
Q

What are Food Stamp and Welfare bans?

A

Give states abilities to give lifetime ban to drug offenders

90
Q

What are driver’s license suspension laws?

A

Suspends license even if vehicle is not involved

91
Q

What is the warfare approach?

A

Focus on criminal justice interventions and punishments

Ex: Crack Epidemics
* Crack epidemic = “Poor, crime ridden areas”
* Crack users = “Offenders”

92
Q

What is the welfare approach?

A

Focus on public health and treatment

Ex: Opioid Epidemic
* Opioid epidemic = “Crisis next door”
* Opioid users = “Victims”

93
Q

What is the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010?

A

Reduces crack-to-powder disparity (18-to-1)

Eliminated mandatory minimums for simple possession of it

94
Q

What is the medicalization of marijuana?

A

Sets certain medical conditions that grant use

37 states have medicalized

95
Q

What is the legalization of marijuana?

A

Removes criminal liability and in most states open dispensaries

Allows possession and many states growing

21 states and DC have legalized

96
Q

What is Ballot Measure 110?

A

Oregon’s decriminalization of hard drugs

1 gram of heroin = fine ($100) or health assessment

Steer addicted individuals to treatment

Funds addiction treatment from state Cannabis Tax

97
Q

What is family?

A

A set of people related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other agreed upon relationship

98
Q

What are the two types of family?

A

Nuclear family - Married couple and their unmarried children living together

Extended family - Family which includes other relatives who live in the same house as parents and children

99
Q

What is monogamy?

A

Only having one partner

The norm in the US

100
Q

What is serial monogamy?

A

Having several spouses in a lifetime, but only one at a time

101
Q

What is polygamy?

A

Having several wives/husbands at the same time

102
Q

What is polygyny?

A

Marriage of 1 man and multiple wives (sister wives)

103
Q

What is polyandry?

A

Marriage of 1 woman and multiple husbands

104
Q

What is kinship?

A

The state of being related to someone
* Not totally based on biological or marital ties
* Culturally learned
* Do not always live together
* Creates obligations

105
Q

What are the 3 ways to determine descent?

A

Bilateral - both sides of family equally important

Patrilineal - father’s relatives are significant in property, inheritance, and emotional ties

Matrilineal - mother’s relatives are significant

106
Q

What is a patriarchy?

A

Society in which men make all family decisions

107
Q

What is a matriarchy?

A

Society in which women make all family decisions

108
Q

What is an egalitarian family?

A

Authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equal

Wives hold authority in some areas and men have authority in others

109
Q

What is the functionalist view on the family?

A

The family is a contributor to social stability
* Roles of family members

110
Q

What is the conflict view on the family?

A

The family is a perpetuator of inequality
* Transmission of poverty through the generations

111
Q

What is the interactionist view on the family?

A

Emphasis on relationships among family members

112
Q

What is the femenist view on the family?

A

The family is a perpetuator of gender roles
* Female-headed household

113
Q

What is endogamy?

A

Specifies the group which spouse must belong and prohibits marriage with other groups - race and religion

114
Q

What is exogamy?

A

Mate selection of person outside group - no incest

115
Q

What is homogamy?

A

Conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate that has similar characteristics to own self - personality and interest

116
Q

What is adoption?

A

Transfer of rights from biological parent to adoptive parent

117
Q

What are dual-income families?

A

Both partners work

118
Q

What are single-parent families?

A

Raised by mother only - large racial differences

119
Q

What is Obergefell v. Hodges?

A

Case that legalized same sex marriage in the US

Constitution guarantees same-sex marriage - 14th amendment

120
Q

Why has the marriage rate in the US declined?

A

Marriage is no longer a rite of passage

People postponing marriage

Deciding to form partnerships without marriage

121
Q

Why do people cohabit?

A
  • Get benefits of love and companionship
  • Do it for financial reasons and convenience
122
Q

What is the Family Medical Leave Act of 1993?

A

Entitles eligible employees of covered employers to take unpaid job-protected leave for health reasons for 12 weeks

You get to keep your health insurance for this period

To be eligible employee must have worked 12 months and employers must have at least 50 employees

123
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of online dating?

A

Absence of Gating
* Characteristics that limit you from getting in relationships

Strangers on a Train Effect
* Can trust strangers because info will not get out to people that you know

Disposable Generation
* See potential partners as disposable because attention span of society is being shorter

Boom and Bust
* People get close quickly but don’t know them well enough to sustain the relationship

Intro to Sociology (3 decks)

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