Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Sociology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mass media?

A

Print or electronic means of communication to carry messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is social media?

A

Website and online applications that enable people to create and share content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Functionalist view on media?

A

Manifest function is to entertain and inform

4 functions:
* Agent of socialization
* Enforcer of social norm
* Promotion of Consumption
* Dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 functions of media (functionalist perspective)?

A

1. Agent of Socialization
* Present a common, standardized view of culture
* Immigrants use media to adjust to environment
* Problems: violent video games, use media as babysitter, sets up unrealistic expectations

2. Enforcer of Social Norm
* Reinforces proper behavior - cancelling people
* Confers celebrity status
* Critical role of sexuality

3. Promotion of Consumption
* Hyperconsumerism - buying more than we need or want and often more than we can afford
* Occurs because of advertising and commercials being everywhere
* Advertising functions:
1. Support the economy
2. Provide info on products
3. Undercuts cost of media

4. Dysfunction
* Narcotizing effect - media provides such massive amounts of coverage that audience become numb and don’t act on information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Conflict view on media?

A

Media reflects and exacerbates divisions in society and the world

3 processes:
* Gatekeeping
* Transmission of the dominant ideology
* Digital divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 processes of division in media (conflict perspective)?

A

1. Gatekeeping
* Process where a small number of people in the media control the material
* Net Neutrality - internet providers must treat all internet communications equally

2. The powerful transmit the dominant ideology
* Dominant ideology - set of cultural beliefs and practices that maintain powerful social and economic interests
* Media can create stereotypes
* Queer theorists note ways media portrays LGBTQ+ members
* Hyper-local media - reporting that is highly local and typically internet-based

3. Digital Divide
* Lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income, minorities, rural, and people in developing countries
* Reinforces class and educational differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Interactionist view on media?

A

Media reflects how people interact and helps us understand everyday behavior

2 interactions:
* Social capital
* Social networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 interactions in media (interactionist)?

A

1. Social Capital
* Internet provides constant connection

2. Social Networks
* Can make friends through viewing habits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the audience in social media?

A

Can be identifiable, finite, group or a large undefined group
* Primary or secondary group

Segmented Audience
* Once media determines audience - it targets group
* Find the target audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 types of audience behavior?

A

Opinion Leader
* Someone who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact

Influencer
* Social media user who has established credibility in a specific industry

Both manipulate audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is censorship?

A
  • Suppression or prohibition of certain books, films, news, etc. that is considered obscene or a threat to security
  • Illustrates cultural lag
  • Not widely supported in the US
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cultural lag?

A

Maladaptation of the nonmaterial and material culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 problems of social media?

A

1. Highlight reel
* Compare self to other’s fun times

2. Social currency
* Obsessed with likes and comments

3. FOMO
* Fear of being left out of the loop/missing opportunities

4. Online harassment
* Micro harassments can become macro (big impacts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is phantom vibration syndrome?

A

Thinking the phone is vibrating when it’s not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is social interaction and its importance?

A
  • The ways people respond to one another
  • Our interactions shape our reality
  • Interactions define a situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the social structure?

A
  • Ways in which society is organized in predictable relationships
  • Social interactions take place in a social structure

5 Elements:
* Status
* Social Roles
* Networks
* Social Institutions
* Groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is status (and 3 types)?

Social structure

A

Socially defined position within a larger society

Types of Statuses:
* Ascribed - traits you do not have control over (born with)
* Achieved - traits you develop related to skills
* Master - trait that defines one’s identity (labeling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are social roles (and the 3 parts)?

Social structure

A

Expectations we have based on social positions or status

3 Parts:
* Role conflict - incompatible expectation arises from 2 or more positions held by the same person
* Role strain - when same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations (involves a single position)
* Role exit - process of leaving one central role to their self-identity to establish a new role and identity
– Four-Stage Process:
* * Doubt
* * Search for alternatives
* * Action stage
* * Creation of New identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a social network?

Social structure

A

Series of social interactions that link persons together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are social institutions?

Social structure

A

Organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors centered on basic social needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 3 perspectives of social institutions?

A

Functionalist
* Role: meeting basic social needs
* Focus: essential functions

Conflict
* Role: Meeting basic social needs
* Focus: maintenance of privilege and inequality

Interactionist
* Role: fostering everyday behavior
* Focus: influences the roles and statuses we accept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a group?

Social structure

A

Made up of 2 or more people with shared norms, values, and expectations

Types of Groups:
* Primary
* Secondary
* In-Group
* Out-Group
* Reference Group
* Coalition
* Formal Organizations
* Bureaucracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a primary group?

A

Small group with a lot of face-to-face interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a secondary group?

A

Formal and impersonal groups with little social intimacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an in-group?

A

Group people feel they belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an out-group?

A

Group people feel they do not belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a reference group?

A

People used as a standard for evaluating themselves

Normative and comparison functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a coalition?

A

Temporary or permanent group to accomplish a common goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are formal organizations?

A

Groups for special purpose and designed for max efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is bureaucracy?

A

Rules and hierarchy ranking to achieve goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of bureaucracy?

A
  1. Division of labor
  2. Hierarchy of authority
  3. Written rules and regulations
  4. Impersonality
  5. Employment based on technical qualifications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is division of labor?

Bureaucracy

A

Specialized people perform specialized tasks

Problems:
* Alienation: estranged from others because doing a very specific task
* Trained incapacity: so specialized they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is hierarchy of authority?

Bureaucracy

A

Long chain of command and authority
Ex: Catholic church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are written rules and regulations?

Bureaucracy

A

Have certain clear rules to follow

Leads to goal displacement - conformity to regulations of bureaucracy (Robert Merton)

Problem: procedure vs efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is impersonality?

Bureaucracy

A
  • Treat everyone the same
  • Does not treat people as individuals
  • Meant to produce equal treatment
  • Produces dissatisfaction with company
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is employment based on technical qualifications?

Bureaucracy

A
  • Skills is what matters for employment
  • Written policies on how to get promoted
  • Removes favoritism and provides security
  • Peter Principle - every employee rises to their level of incompetence (creates dysfunction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is deviance?

A

Behavior that violates the standard of conduct or expectations of a group/society

Violates a group’s norms

Deviant acts can change overtime
* Groups with most power and status define what is acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a stigma?

A

A label society uses to devalue members of a social group (Erving Goffman)

2 Symbols:
* Prestige symbols - draw attention to positive aspects of identity
* Stigma symbols - debase one’s identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is social control?

A

Techniques or strategies for preventing deviant behavior in society

Uses sanctions to enforce norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is conformity and obedience?

A

Conformity - going along with peers

Obedience - compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

Milgram’s Experiment dealt with these topics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 2 types of social control?

A

Informal social control
* Carried out casually by ordinary people
* Through smies, laughter, and ridicule

Formal social control
* Carried out by authorized agents
* Police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers

Need both formal and informal social control to make a functional society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a law?

A

Government social control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the control theory?

A

Connections to members of society leads us to conform to society’s norms
* Explains why people DON’T deviate
* Created by Travis Hirschi

Social bonds are the key
* Ties to family, friends, spouse, and peers to create bonds
* Stronger attachment to others = less deviance
* Involvement in activities and commitment and belief to prosocial life

Bonds give people a stake in conformity
* People fear losing what they have by deviating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the anomie theory?

A

Durkheim - punishment by culture defines acceptable behavior and maintains stability

Anomie Theory of Deviance - deviance occurs as adaptations to socially presribe goals or the means to achieve them
* Developed by Robert Merton

45
Q

What are the 5 types of adaptations?

Anomie Theory

A
  1. Conformist
    * Socially acceptable goals
    * Socially acceptable means
    * Ex: every day people
  2. Retreatist
    * Socially UNacceptable goals
    * Socially UNacceptable means
    * Ex: drug addicts
  3. Innovator
    * Socially acceptable goals
    * Socially UNacceptable means
    * Ex: criminals
  4. Ritualist
    * Socially UNacceptable goals
    * Socially acceptable means
    * Ex: bureaucrat
  5. Rebel
    * Socially (un)acceptable goals
    * Socially (un)acceptable means
    * Ex: militia group
46
Q

What is cultural transmission?

A

Argues that criminal behavior is learned from interactions with others
* Learn techniques, motives, and rationalizations of crime

47
Q

What is differential association?

A
  • The way in which people learn criminal behavior
  • Violations of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to deviance
  • Created by Edwin Sutherland
  • Youths become criminal by hanging out with deviant youths
  • Later become learning theory by Ronald Akers
48
Q

What is the social disorganization theory?

A

Crime occurs due to a breakdown in communal relationships and social institutions
* Developed by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

  • Shaw and McKay mapped Chicago and found high crime in urban centers

Lacked collective efficacy - bonds of communication and trust
* Coined by Robert Sampson

49
Q

What is the labeling theory?

A

Deviance occurs due to negative societal reactions to individuals
* Process of actions-reactions (societal-reaction approach)
* Based on work of Cooley and Mead

Main thinkers: Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker, and William Chambliss

Saints and Roughnecks - Chambliss

50
Q

What is the conflict theory?

A

People with power protect their interests and define deviance to suit their needs
* Developed by Richard Quinney

Crime defined by rich
* System of differential justice

Theory explains why laws against victimless crimes exist

51
Q

What is the feminist theory?

A

Suggests prior theories were developed to only explain deviance of men
* Need to address how women have different experiences
* Developed by Freda Alder and Meda Chesney-Lind

52
Q

What is crime?

A

A violation of criminal law for which a government authority applies a formal penalty

53
Q

What is mala in se crime?

A

Crime is wrong in very nature

Immoral

Ex: murder, rape, assault, etc.

54
Q

What is mala prohibita crime?

A

Offenses prohibited by law but not wrong in themselves

Illegal

Ex: marijuana use, gambling, etc.

55
Q

What are the 3 different types of crime?

A

1. Felonies
* Serious crimes punishable by 1 year or more in prison
* Go to state or federal prison

2. Misdemeanor
* Less serious offenses punishable by one year or less incarceration
* Go to jail or probation

3. Infractions
* Minor violation of law punished by a citation and release
* Pay a fine

56
Q

What are the layers of the criminal justice layer cake?

A

I Celebrated cases
II Serious felonies
III Less serious felonies
IV Misdemeanors

57
Q

What are the 10 categories of crime?

A
  1. Visible crime
    * Violent crime
    * Property crime
    * Public order crime
  2. Victimless crime
  3. Professional crime
  4. Organized crime
  5. Hate crime
  6. White-collar crime
  7. Cybercrime
58
Q

What is visible crime (and 3 categories)?

A

What public sees as criminal and majority of CJS resources used here (street/ordinary crime)

3 categories:
* Violent crime - death or injury occurs to individuals
* Property crime - acts that threaten property by individual or state
* Public order crime - acts that threaten general well-being of society

59
Q

What is victimless crime?

A

Crimes that involve willing participants and exchange of illegal goods and services

Violate moral code

60
Q

What is professional crime?

A

Crimes committed as day-to-day work

61
Q

What is organized crime?

A

Criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities

62
Q

What is hate crime?

A

Offenses committed because of bias against race, religion, national origin, or sexual orientation

63
Q

What is white-collar crime?

A

Illegal acts committed during business activities

“Crime in the suites”

64
Q

What is cybercrime?

A

Illegal activities conducted through use of computers

65
Q

What are the 2 main sources of crime data?

A

Official statistics - kept by criminal justice agencies like the FBI
* Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
* National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Surveys - ask individuals about past offending and victimization
* Self-report
* National Crime Victimization Survery (NCVS)

66
Q

What are the 8 part I crimes of UCR?

A

Violent:
* Murder
* Rape
* Robbery
* Aggravated Assault

Property:
* Burglary
* Larceny-theft
* Auto Theft
* Arson

67
Q

What are the benefits of UCR?

A
  • Collected yearly by police
  • Has large coverage
  • Best measure of homicide
68
Q

What are the weaknesses of UCR?

A
  • Dark figure of crime - unreported crime to police
  • Hierarchy rule - only counts most serious crimes
  • Lose victimless crimes
  • Voluntarily submit
69
Q

What are the benefits of NIBRS?

A
  • More crimes covered
  • No hierarchy rule
70
Q

What is the goal of NCVS?

A

Finding unreported victimization

71
Q

What are the benefits of NCVS?

A
  • Understand the dark figure of crime
  • More info on victims than UCR
  • Info on cost of crime and CJS contact
72
Q

What are the weaknesses of NCVS?

A
  • Lies and forgetfulness
  • Telescoping - traumatic events seem sooner than it may have been
73
Q

What is the Great Crime Decline?

A

The massive reduction in crime that was experienced from the early 1990s to 2020

74
Q

What is the age crime curve?

A

A reason for the decline in crime - aging population (baby boomers aging out of crime)

75
Q

What is stratification?

A

Structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society

Breeds social inequality - members of society having differing amounts of wealth, prestige, and power

76
Q

What are the 3 systems of stratification?

A

Slavery - system of enforced servitude where people are owned

Castes - hereditary rank that tends to be fixed and immobile

Class system - social ranking based on economic position

77
Q

What is the 5 class model of U.S.?

A
  1. Upper - passed down through generations
  2. Upper-middle - doctors, lawyers, etc.
  3. Lower-middle - teachers, nurses, small business owners
  4. Working - blue-collar jobs
  5. Low - disproportionately blacks and hispanics, single mothers, and people who can find stable work
78
Q

What are the 3 components of stratification?

A

Identified by Max Weber

  1. Class - group of people with similar level of wealth and income
  2. Status
    * Status groups - people who have the same prestige or lifestyle
  3. Power - ability to exercise one’s will over others
79
Q

What are life chances?

A

Created by Weber

Opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life

80
Q

What is the objective method of measuring social class?

A

Measures social class based on criteria of job, education, income, and place of residence

81
Q

What are prestige and esteem rankings of jobs?

A

Prestige - respect and admiration that an occupation holds

Esteem - reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation

82
Q

What is socioeconomic status (SES)?

A

A measure of social class based on income, education, occupation and many more

83
Q

What is the functionalist view on stratification, inequality, and the wealthy?

A

Purpose of strat: facilitates filing of social positions with appropriate skills

Attitude towards inequality: necessary to some extent to motivate to fill important positions

Analysis of wealthy: talented and skilled, creating opportunities for others

84
Q

What is the conflict view on stratification, inequality, and the wealthy?

A

Purpose of strat: facilitates exploitation

Attitude towards inequality: excessive and growing

Analysis of wealthy: use the dominant ideology to further their own interests

85
Q

What is the interactionist view on stratification, inequality, and the wealthy?

A

Purpose of strat: influences people’s lifestyles

Attitude towards inequality: influences intergroup relations

Analysis of wealthy: exhibits conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure

86
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

Live under poverty line

87
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

Floating standard of deprivation by which people are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with nation as a whole

88
Q

What is the feminization of poverty?

A

Trend that women constitute an increasing proportion of poor people

Contributed by increase in single mother households

89
Q

Who are the underclass?

A

The long-term poor who lack training and skills

Coined by William Julius Wilson

90
Q

What did Herbert Gans argue?

A

Used functionalism to explain poverty

Argued that society benefits from poverty

Poverty’s functions:
* Presence of poor means dirty work is performed
* Poverty creates jobs to serve the poor
* Punishing poor upholds conventional social norms
* The poor guarantees the higher status of the rich

91
Q

What is social mobility?

A

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in society’s stratification system to another

92
Q

What are the 2 types of stratification systems?

A

Open system
* Position of each individual is influenced by his/her achieved status

Closed system
* There is little to no possibility of individual social mobility

93
Q

What are the 2 types of social mobility?

A

Horizontal mobility
* Movement of person from one social position to another in the same rank

Vertical mobility
* Movement of person from one social position to another of different rank

94
Q

What are the 3 types of vertical mobility?

A

Intergenerational mobility
* Changes in social position of children relative to parent

Intragenerational mobility
* Changes in social position within a person’s adult life

Occupational mobility
* Relatively minor - generally only 1 or 2 levels higher than parents

95
Q

What are the 4 ways to measure nation development?

A
  1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
    * Total value of goods purchased and services provided in 1 year in a country
  2. Standard of Living
    * Degree of wealth and comfort available to people
  3. Level of Industrialization
  4. Technological infrastructure
    * Amount of power, transportation, mobility, internet/cybersecurity
96
Q

What is inequality?

A

A system that provides opportunites and bars others

Poorest of poor don’t know of opportunities

Inequality is determinate of behavior

97
Q

What is industrialization?

A

The move from agricultural to industry

98
Q

What are the 3 reasons for the global divide?

A

Colonialism
Multinational corporations
Modernization

99
Q

What is colonialism?

A

Foreign powers maintain economic, political, social, and cultural dominance over a people for a long period of time

100
Q

What is neocolonialism?

A

Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign country

101
Q

What is the world system analysis?

A

Global economy is interdependent and rests on unequal economic and political relationships

Conflict perspective

Developed by Immanuel Wallerstein

Core nations have exploitative relationship with noncore nations

3 types of nations:
* Core
* Semiperiphery
* Periphery

102
Q

What is the dependency theory?

A

Contends that industrialized/developed nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain

Conflict perspective on a global scale

103
Q

What is globalization?

A

Worldwide integration of government policies, culture, and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas

World Bank and International Monetary Fund became big plays because of this

104
Q

What is a multinational corporation?

A

A commercial organization that is head-quartered in one country but does business throughout the world

105
Q

What are the functionalist and conflict perspective on corporations?

A

Functionalist: Corporation = good
* Bring jobs
* Promote rapid development
* Cheap products

Conflict: Corporation = evil
* Exploit workers to maximize profit
* Promote moving factors out of US
* Move to nations with repressive antilabor laws to restrict unions

106
Q

What is modernization?

A

Process of periphery nations moving from traditional less-developed institutions to those characteristics of developed societies

107
Q

What is the modernization theory?

A

Proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations

108
Q

What are mobility differences between developed and developing nations?

A

Developed:
* Intergenerational
* Mobility opportunities shaped by structural factors - shaped by labor market
* Immigration shapes intergenerational mobility

Developing:
* Substantial wage difference between urban and rural
* Migration to urban areas where jobs are limited
* Biggest mobility is out of poverty

109
Q

What are the gender differences in developing countries?

A
  • Women are exploited
  • From birth - fed less, denied education, and not hospitalized unless critically ill
  • Women often 1st laid off from work
  • Female infanticide - female babies are often killed in China and India because they are no as desirable as males

Intro to Sociology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions