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JMM 102 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Historically, what are the two sources of revenue for newspapers?

A

advertising and circulation

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2
Q

3 categories of advertising in the newspaper industry?

A

local classifieds, local/retail advertising, national advertising

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3
Q

circulation

A

how many copies of a newspaper get out there, whether it’s in the hands of the consumer, a bookstore, kiosk, etc.

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4
Q

Where do subscriptions fall into?

A

they are including in circulation

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5
Q

Publick Occurrences

A

first paper published in the American colonies in 1690; first and only issue b/c shut down for offensive remarks toward the king of France

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6
Q

What two things were colonial newspapers subject to?

A

British censorship + paper taxes

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7
Q

New England Courant

A

1721 paper published by James Franklin; first paper to be published w/o “By Authority” notice

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8
Q

John Peter Zenger

A

originally accused of libel but in 1735, he was acquitted b/c truth was used as his defense against libel claims; first time a person had done so in American courts

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9
Q

Who constituted the audience of colonial era newspapers?

A

wealthy elite

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10
Q

What did colonial era newspapers mainly cover?

A

shipping/mercantile news + political essays/discourse

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11
Q

Who were the primary publishers of newspapers from the 1780s to the 1820s?

A

political parties who focused on opinion, not news

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12
Q

When was the First Amendment adopted?

A

1791

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13
Q

When was the steam-powered printing press invented?

A

1814

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14
Q

What is true about the circulation of post-independence American newspapers?

A

they were expensive, and circulation was relatively small and dominated by yearly subscriptions

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15
Q

What are the four important elements of the Industrial Revolution that were the early ‘enablers’ of newspapers?

A
  1. migration from rural to urban centers
  2. steam powered rotary/printing press
  3. cheaper and easier to produce paper
  4. literacy rates improved
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16
Q

What was the penny press?

A

a 1-2 cent paper that focused on news for the average reader; supported primarily by advertising and a lesser extent circulation revenues

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17
Q

Why is the penny press so important?

A

birth of news as objective and independent, crucial for democracy; had middle class people wanting the news

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18
Q

What are the 3 business models for local news?

A
  1. cooperative “co-op”
  2. non-profit conversion
  3. government support
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19
Q

cooperative business model

A

business model in which members “buy in” with varying degrees of involvement in editorial decisions

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20
Q

Why is local news so important?

A

it is important in keeping the local government stable

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21
Q

non-profit conversion business model

A

local news business model that places an emphasis more on tax status rather than profit

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22
Q

What are some examples of successful non-profit converters?

A

Texas Tribune, AP

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23
Q

What exactly is a non-profit?

A

an organization in which the money that is made is redistributed back into the business instead of to the shareholders

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24
Q

How much do public broadcast stations get from CPB?

A

about 50% of their funding

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25
Q

What is the annual federal budget for funding public broadcasting?

A

$400-500 million per year

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26
Q

hard paywalls

A

paywall that forces consumers to subscribe in order to read, listen, or watch news

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27
Q

advantages to hard paywalls?

A

targeted niche audience, premium content

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28
Q

disadvantages to hard paywalls?

A

lower circulation/readership; inflexibility

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29
Q

soft paywalls

A

paywall that allows some content to be shared

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30
Q

example of soft paywalls?

A

academic journals; summaries

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31
Q

metered paywalls

A

paywall that allows a certain numb er of articles to be read, typically per month

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32
Q

How much of those who engage in news sites w/ meter paywalls convert to subscribers?

A

about 5-10%

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33
Q

What is fake news?

A

news that is made up, manipulated to look like credible journalistic reports that are easily spread online to large audiences willing to believe the fictions + spread the word; can be intentional or unintentional

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34
Q

What are the types of fake news?

A
  1. hoax news
  2. misleading news
  3. mimic websites
  4. satire
  5. clickbait
  6. alternative facts
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35
Q

hoax news

A

news that is fabricated with the intention of misleading or confusing readers

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36
Q

misleading news

A

news stories that report quotes, images, statistics out of context; can be old stories that are re-reported with a new misleading headline

37
Q

mimic websites

A

fake news websites that mimic the look of trusted news sources in order to fool readers into thinking a story is real

38
Q

satire

A

fake and ironic news that are intended to be funny or entertaining

39
Q

clickbait

A

news that is promoted with dramatic or misleading headlines that do not reflect the content of the real story

40
Q

alternative facts

A

a different interpretation of facts, usually derived from a misinterpretation of reports or by only focusing on a subset of the available info

41
Q

Eadweard Muybridge

A

in 1878, a photographer who set up 24 cameras at a racetrack to take pictures of a horse as it ran by; took those photographs, combined them to make first modern movie

42
Q

How did the movies (as we know them) come to be?

A

the movies did NOT arrive in a flash as a result of one investor’s grand change

43
Q

How did the movie as a medium of communication develop?

A

developed as a result of social, legal, and organizational responses to different periods’ technology

44
Q

Why has the movie industry changed and developed?

A

it has changed and developed as a result of struggles to control distribution channels to audiences

45
Q

star system

A

an operation designed to find and cultivate actors under long-term contracts, with the intention of developing those actors into famous stars who would enhance the profitability of the studio’s films

46
Q

A Films

A

expensively made productions featuring glamorous, highly-paid stars

47
Q

B Films

A

lower-budget films that are made quickly

48
Q

theatrical films

A

films created to be shown first in traditional movie theaters

49
Q

box office receipts

A

the sum of money taken in for admission at movie theaters around the country

50
Q

Who gets the gross box office?

A

everyone! eventually divided up 50/50 but everyone gets a little bit of the gross

51
Q

“rentals”

A

term used to refer to the ‘net’ share of the box office that the distributors collect

52
Q

blockbusters

A

films that bring in more than $200 million at the U.S. box office

53
Q

the majors

A

term that refers to the 5 most powerful companies in Hollywood b/c of distribution power

54
Q

Who are the majors?

A

Disney/Twentieth Century Fox
Universal Studios
Warner Brothers Studios
Paramount Studios
Columbia Pictures

55
Q

film production firms

A

companies involved in coming up with story ideas, finding scriptwriters, hiring the personnel needed to make the movie, and making sure the work is carried out on time AND on budget

56
Q

film distribution firms

A

companies responsible for finding theaters (or other outlets) in which to show the movies around the world and for promoting the films to the public

57
Q

independent producers

A

production firms that are not owned by a distributor

58
Q

scriptwriters

A

individuals who create plays for the movies, with scenes and dialogue

59
Q

talent agents

A

individuals who represent various creative personnel and aim to link them w/ production firms in exchange for a percentage of the creators’ revenues from the finished product

60
Q

pitch

A

initial presentation of a movie idea to a producer

61
Q

treatment

A

detailed outline of an initial pitch to executives of a production or distribution firm; if executives approve of the treatment, they will probably order a script to be written

62
Q

on spec

A

writing a script for a film without a contract to do so, with the hope that when the script is passed along to various production firms by scriptwriter’s agent, it will be bid for and purchased

63
Q

green light

A

a term used to describe production and distribution executives’ approval of the making of a particular film

64
Q

guilds

A

unions established by writers, directors, actors, and other crew members to protect their mutual interests and maintain standards

65
Q

example of a Hollywood UNION?

A

IATSE (Int’l Alliance for Theatrical Stage Employees)

66
Q

examples of Hollywood GUILDS?

A

WGA, DGA, SAG-AFTRA

67
Q

Two ways to compensate Hollywood talent?

A
  1. up-front salary
  2. back-end/revenue-sharing model
68
Q

back-end participation?

A

individually negotiated compensation that is usually negotiated for by the agents

69
Q

back-end residuals?

A

form of talent compensation that involves blanket agreements dictated by the guilds

70
Q

line producer

A

the individual who makes sure the equipment and personnel are there when they are needed

71
Q

completion bond companies

A

insurance companies that, for a large fee, pay any costs that exceed an agreed-upon amount for a film

72
Q

release date

A

date on which film will open in theaters

73
Q

day-and-date release

A

a simultaneous release date for a movie in different countries

74
Q

block booking

A

when movie distributors force exhibitors to book blocks/packages of their films; illegal in the U.S.

75
Q

wide release

A

the opening of a film in more than 600 theaters simultaneously, usually accompanies by a large publicity campaign to entice people to see the film

76
Q

saturation release

A

the initial release of a film in more than 2000 theaters simultaneously

77
Q

limited release

A

the release of a film to only a handful of carefully selected theaters around the country

78
Q

platform release

A

a type of limited release in which a film opens in fewer than 600 theaters and then opens as a wide release if successful

79
Q

title testing

A

conducting interviews w/ filmgoers in shopping malls, other public places to determine the most alluring name for an upcoming picture

80
Q

previewing

A

a type of concept testing that takes place after a film is completed by before it is formally released

81
Q

rough cut

A

a preliminary version of the movie

82
Q

publicity

A

the process of creating and maintaining favorable “buzz” about a movie among its target audiences

83
Q

word of mouth

A

the discussions that people who see the movie have with their friends in person or on social media

84
Q

tracking studies

A

research on the public’s awareness of and interest in a film, beginning two weeks before the film’s release and continuing thru the first month of release

85
Q

negative cost

A

the total cost of making and editing the movie

86
Q

P&A

A

prints and advertising; cost of marketing and delivering a film to theaters

87
Q

bookers

A

people who license movies from distributors for theaters

88
Q

exhibition license

A

an agreement b/w a distributor and an exhibition firm that specifies the date on which the distributor will make the film available to the exhibition firm’s theaters, the number of weeks the theaters agree to run the film, and when + where competing theaters can show the same film; also sets financial agreements b/w distributor and exhibition firm

89
Q

percentage-above-the-nut approach

A

an agreement drawn b/w a distributor and an exhibition firm in which the executives of the exhibition firm and the distribution firm agree on the costs of operating each theater; then, film by film, the distributor and the exhibition firm negotiate what percentage of revenues above that break-even point the exhibition firm will pay the distribution firm

JMM 102 (6 decks)

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