Final Exam Flashcards
What is ageism?
a negative perception of older adults within society.
what are the three domains of ageism?
- reinforcing stereotypes
- portraying negative attitudes towards older adults
- implementing unfair treatment as a result of age
what is sarcopenia?
age related loss of skeletal muscle mass
what is dynapenia?
age related loss of muscular power, force, or strength
What is osteoporosis?
age-related decrease in bone mineral density increasing chance of fracture
what is obesity?
abnormal or excessive fat accumulation
what is sedentary behaviour?
any waking behaviour in a seated or reclining posture that requires an energy expenditure of less than 1.5 METs
What is frailty?
state of high vulnerability and worsens risk of adverse outcomes, including dependence, immobility, proneness to falling, and delirium
what is muscle strength?
the ability to exert maximal force in one contraction
what is muscular endurance?
the ability to continue to perform exercises without exhausting
what is muscular power?
the ability to produce force over a short period of time
what is adrenopause?
changes in adrenal gland function in both sexes. Due to alterations of hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Decline in DHEA/DHEA-S.
What is Somatopause?
endocrine changes the involve alterations of growth hormone and IGF-1
what is menopause?
decrease in production of sex hormones estrogens
what is andropause?
gradual decline in sex steroid hormone testosterone in men.
What is DHEA/DHEA-S? What does it do?
dehydroepiandrosterone/ sulfate conjugate form, influences risk of certain diseases and conditions associated with aging
What are cutaneous receptors?
receptors responsible for sensing different levels of touch and pressure.
what are the 4 dimensions of balance?
- sensory reception and integration
- steady-state balance
- proactive balance
- reactive balance
What sensory systems are important for achieving good postural alignment, balance, and gait?
sensory, motor, cognitive systems
how does aging affect vision? What does it result in?
decline in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and depth perception.
slower processing of visual information less efficient integration and prioritizing of inputs among the sensory systems, possible altered perception of body’s vertical orientation
what are age related diseases of the visual system?
cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration.
how does vision serve as an exteroceptive and proprioceptive role?
exteroceptive: informs about layout of environment and position and movement of objects in space.
proprioceptive: provides with information about position and movement of body
how does aging affect the somatosensory system?
sensitivity declines in cutaneous receptors regarding touch and pressure
number of sensory pathways innervating these receptors decline
what age-related decline affects stride length and gait speed?
hamstring flexibility
how would you define the “maximum limit of stability”?
the maximum distance a person can lean without moving the feet in any direction
what is the relationship between cognitive impairment and balance/fall risks?
it is an intrinsic risk factor; when attention, memory, and intelligence are declining it makes concentration on tasks difficult and affects OA ability to anticipate and adapt to changes in environment.
what are extrinsic risk factors for falls? What are some examples?
risk factors that are environmental or outside of the body:
medication, environmental, aka tripping hazards, poor lighting, slippery surfaces, footwear, clothing etc.
what are intrinsic risk factors? What are some examples?
personal factors such as age, gender, race, changes to physiological systems: impairment to balance/gait, muscle weakness, impaired vision, hearing, cognition, symptoms from diseases
How is resting HR in the supine position affected by aging?
it is not affected, however age-related declines show up when moving from laying to seated position due to inability to rapidly increase HR. attributed to reduced responsiveness to sympathetic stimulation
what is the equation for predicting men’s maximum HR?
predicted HRmax = 209.6-(.72-age)
what is the equation for predicting womens maximum HR?
predicted HRmax = 207.2-(.65-age)
why does the equation 220-age not work for older population?
it does not account for differences between men and women, and after the age of 40 it underestimates HRmax making HR based programming difficult.
what contributes to the reduced ability of OA to cope with hemodynamic perturbations that result from movement?
loss of vascular tone, higher blood pressure, reduced stroke volume leading to more difficulty adjusting to changes in HR when moving from recumbent to seated positions.
What happens to systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure as a result of aging?
systolic blood pressure increases and diastolic BP decreases with age.
what age-related changes need to be taken into consideration when assessing performance?
vision, hearing, proprioception, medications, sleep, nutrition, and hydration
what muscle fibers atrophy at a greater rate due to aging?
type II muscle fibers, leads to loss of maximal muscle speed
what are subjective measurements of PA?
questionnaires
What are objective measurements of PA?
monitoring assessments that record data
What is sedentary behaviour?
any waking behaviour in a seated or reclined position that requires energy expenditure of less than or equal to 1.5METs
What are ADL’s? examples?
Activities of daily living- activities that an OA must be able to perform to function independently; bathing or dressing or feeding oneself.
What are IADL’s? ex.?
instrumental activities of daily living- important but not vital for independent living; shopping, managing finances
What is the most common self-reporting instrument?
Katz index of independence in ADL’s; it is a 6 item questionnaire that measures ability to carry out simple self-care activities: bathing, dressing, use of bathroom, transferring, continence, feeding
What does the Lawton Instrumental ADLs questionnaire assess?
8 domains of IADLs in depth: includes activities such as running household: preparing meals, managing money, shopping for groceries, performing housework
What is considered moderate activity?
activity that increases energy expenditure greater than 3 METs
What is vigorous activity energy expenditure?
greater than or equal to 6 METs
What are some examples on how to reduce sedentary time?
make goals, self-monitoring, and stimulus control
What tests can measure endurance and power in older adults?
the timed up and go- TUG
and the sit to stand
What does the TUG test assess?
individuals ability to rise from standard armchair, walk 10ft, turn around, walk back, and sit down.
What does the sit to stand test assess?
the maximum number of times a subject can stand up and sit down on a regular chair in a specified timeframe.
What are benefits of subjective measures?
accessible, variety of questionnaires to choose from, gives an idea of what kind of activity is or isn’t being performed
What are drawbacks of subjective measures?
information might not be accurate, based on persons recall and honesty while answering questions
benefits of objective measures of PA?
reliable information, standardized results for comparison, accurate assessment of PA levels
Drawbacks of objective measures?
can be costly or inefficient if a lab setting and equipment is required.
what is the estimated global amount of physically inactive OA population ?
30-60%
what is the adapted social ecological model for physical activity?
a model that is based on four levels that influence PA behavioiur
What are the four factors on the adapted social ecological model?
individual, interpersonal, environmental, and policy factors
what is meant by intrapersonal factors?
factors directly involving individual person: health status, self-efficacy, enjoyment, expectations, ageism/attitudes, priorities, history of healthy habits.
what are the four primary sources of self-efficacy?
Mastery experiences, social modeling or vicarious experience, social persuasion, and interpretation of physiological and emotional responses
what are four types of reinforcement?
positive or negative, direct or vicarious
What are interpersonal factors?
relationships or actions between individuals that influence PA. Can be family members, peers, health care providers, or household pets
How does the social ecological model affect OA’s level of PA?
barriers and facilitators of health behaviour interact across multiple levels so interventions should be considered. examples would be, state and local policies run programs for OA, ensure parks are accessible to get to, and offer transportation to particpate. this addresses many barriers that might prevent OA from joining.
what is the health risk appraisal tool, and what factors does it assess?
provides an individual with information about various aspects of their current health, risk factors, and fitness level.
social factors, functional factors, somatic factors, psychological factors, environmental factors.
what are intrapersonal facilitators for PA in long-term care?
reduction of pain, prevention of falls, increased self-efficacy, physical abilities, and functional mobility, a sense of meaning and enjoyment, increased health benefits, and enhances QOL
what are intrapersonal barriers for PA in long-term care?
pain with PA, risk of falling, physical impairment or low level of function, fear of hurting the resident, fear of forcing residents to exercise if they don’t want to, too much work for facilitator of exercise program.
What are interpersonal facilitators for PA in long-term care?
positive interaction with residents, including joy and gratefulness with class, decreased loneliness among residents and are burden among staff.
what are interpersonal barriers for PA in long-term care?
lack of appreciation, lack of support by staff, management, residents, and family members, lack of knowledge of the family members, staff, and management, lack of expectations for PA for some residents.
what is a masters athlete?
a former athlete who continues to participate in competitive sport later in life, or transfer to a new sport at an older age. over 35 is considered Masters athlete but cutoff varies per sport.
how does type of activity influence age-related function?
decreased the rate of decline in physical capabilities, individual activities vary per masters athlete but endurance training helps to maintain capacities as we age.
what training variables should be considered in masters athletes?
specificity is an important variable to address specific age-related declines in endurance and strength; progress overload is important for increases in adaptations; and proper recovery times as OA take longer to recover
besides physical benefits, what other benefits do masters athletes achieve?
psychological, cognitive, and social
how is PA related to psychological benefits?
improves mental health, emotional health, and self-concept status; helps to decrease depression into older age and increases enjoyment of participation and increase release of neurotransmitter serotonin.
How is PA related to cognitive benefits?
improves or maintains memory, processing speed, and verbal fluency; preserves specific brain regional volume related to visuospatial function, motor control, and working memory.
how does PA relate to social benefits?
higher social network from involvement in sport; enjoy companionship, friendship and social support that arises from participation
what are some physiological changes that result due to aging?
increased body fat, loss of muscle mass, loss of bone density, decreases in muscular strength and power, decreased aerobic capacity, increased risk of chronic disease.
what are the physiological changes from aging associated with that threaten independence and QOL?
diminished functional capacity, increased frailty, reduced sense of well-being
what are endocrine systems that change with aging?
decreased production of sex steroid hormones that result in menopause and andropause
changes in adrenal function that lead to adrenopause, which is alterations to DHEA/S
endocrine changes that lead to somatopause which affect GH/IGF-1
what are the four terms for endocrine conditions of aging?
menopause, andropause, adrenopause, somatopause
what are long term effects of menopause, adrenopause, andropause and somatopause?
reduced BMD, increased risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis, muscle mass/strength, sexual function, body composition
reductions of DHEA and DHEA-S influence the risk of which diseases??
osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, RA, diabetes, some aspects of dementia
