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Pharmacology 314 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Antiseizure Therapy: Barbiturates

A

Phenobarbital

-Schedule IV drug that may cause dependence
-enhancing the action of
the GABA neurotransmitter,

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2
Q

Antiseizure Therapy: Benzodiazepines

A

lorazepam (GABA receptor antagonist)

  • should not be taken with alcohol or other CNS depressants
  • contraindicated in narrow angle glaucoma
  • overdose tx- flumazenil
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3
Q

Antiseizure Therapy: Hydantoins

A

Phenytoin

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4
Q

Antiseizure Therapy: Phenytoin-like Drug (Valproate)

A

Valproic Acid

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5
Q

Antiseizure Therapy: Succinimides

A

Ethosuximide

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6
Q

Pain Control: Opioids

A

Morphine, Hydromorphone, & Fentany

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7
Q

Pain Control: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Drug

A

aspirin

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8
Q

Pain Control: Opioid Receptor Antagonist

A

naloxone

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9
Q

Pain Control: Triptans, antimigraine drug

A

Sumatriptan; 5-HT (serotonin) receptor drug

-contraindicated in AKI and hepatic impairment

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10
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System Agents: Nonobstructive urinary retention drug, Muscarinic Cholinergic Agonist

A

Bethanechol

  • Side effects include increased salivation, sweating, abdominal cramping, and hypotension that could lead to fainting
  • Contraindications: Patients with asthma, epilepsy, parkin-sonism, hyperthyroidism, peptic ulcer disease, or bradycardia should not use this drug
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11
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System Agents: Antidote for anticholinesterase poisoning; Muscarinic Cholinergic Blocker (Anticholinergic)

A

Atropine

  • contraindicated in patients with glaucoma
  • side effects include dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and an increased heart rate.
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12
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System Agents: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor

A

Physostigmine

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13
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Agents: Nonselective Adrenergic Agonist

A

Epinephrine

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Agents: Adrenergic Drug; Nasal decongestant; mydriatic drug; antihypotensive

A

Phenylephrine

  • intranasal, topic, parenteral
  • rebound congestion (prolonged intranasal use)
  • Contraindications:acute pancreatitis, heart disease, hepatitis, or narrow-angle glaucoma.
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15
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Agents: antihypertensive; Adrenergic-Blocking Drug

A

Prazosin

- rapid decrease in peripheral resistance that reduces blood pressure.

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16
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Agents: Catecholamine Reuptake Inhibitor

A

Cyclobenzaprine

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17
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Agents: Direct-Acting Antispasmodic/Calcium Release Blocker

A

Dantrolene Sodium

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18
Q

Respiratory: Antihistamines/h1 receptor antagonist

A

diphenhydramine

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19
Q

Respiratory: Drug for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and skin inflammation; Corticosteroid

A

fluticasone

  • Therapy usually begins with two sprays in each nostril, twice daily, and decreases to one dose per day.
  • can mask signs of infection
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20
Q

Respiratory: Sympathomimetic

A

oxymetazoline

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21
Q

Respiratory: Centrally acting antitussive

A

dextromethorphan hydrobromide

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22
Q

Respiratory: Expectorant

A

guaifenesin

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23
Q

Respiratory: Mucolytic

A

acetylcysteine

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24
Q

Respiratory: Beta-adrenergic agonist

A

albuterol

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25
Q

Respiratory: Anticholinergic, bronchodilator

A

ipratropium; contraindicated in soybean/peanut allergy

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26
Q

Respiratory: Anticholinergic

A

tiotropium

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27
Q

Respiratory: Methylxanthine derivative

A

theophylline

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28
Q

Respiratory: anti-inflammatory, inhaled corticosteroid

A

beclomethasone (asthma & allergies)

  • prolonged use can lead to oral fungal infection
  • can mask signs of infection
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29
Q

Respiratory: Leukotriene receptor antagonist

A

montelukast (asthma prophylaxis)

-possible neuropsychiatric events (suicidal ideation)

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30
Q

Renal/Diuretic: Loop diuretics

A

furosemide (heart failure & HTN)

-rapid; possible hypokalemia

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31
Q

Renal/Diuretic: Thiazide diuretics

A

hydrochlorothiazide (HTN & edema)

-may reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulants, sulfonylureas, and antidiabetic drugs, including insulin

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32
Q

Renal/Diuretic: Potassium-sparing diuretics

A

spironolactone (antihypertensive & edema)

  • may decrease the effects of digoxin.
  • contraindicated during pregnancy
  • gynecomastia in men, diminished libido
  • possible hyperkalemia (fatigue, muscle weakness, bradycardia)
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33
Q

Renal/Diuretic: Osmotic diuretics

A

mannitol

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34
Q

Renal/Diuretic: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

acetazolamide

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35
Q

Cardiac: Drug for heart failure and HTN; Angiotensin converting enzyme (ace) inhibitors

A

lisinopril (heart failure & HTN)

-2 to 3 weeks of therapy may be required to reach maximum effectiveness

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36
Q

Cardiac: Angiotensin ii blockers (arbs)

A

losartan (HTN)

  • Grapefruit juice may increase
  • NSAIDs may reduce the antihypertensive activity of losartan and increase the risk for CKD.
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37
Q

Cardiac: Calcium channel blockers

A

nifedipine (HTN & angina)

  • Alcohol potentiates the vasodilating action of nifedipine and could lead to syncope caused by a severe drop in blood pressure.
  • Grapefruit juice may enhance the absorption of nifedipine
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38
Q

Cardiac: Beta-adrenergic blockers

A

metoprolol (heart failure & HTN)

-may enhance the hypoglycemic effects of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs.

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39
Q

Cardiac: Alpha1 adrenergic blockers

A

doxazosin (HTN & benign prostatic hyperplasia)

-dilates arteries and veins and is capable of causing a rapid fall in blood pressure

40
Q

Cardiac: Alpha2 adrenergic agonists

41
Q

Cardiac: Drug for hypertension and heart failure; Direct acting vasodilators

A

hydralazine

-due to safety concerns, other drugs have replaced

42
Q

Heart Failure: Cardiac glycosides

43
Q

Heart Failure: Drug for heart failure; Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

A

milrinone

  • only IV
  • few s/e
44
Q

Angina: Nitrates

A

nitroglycerin

45
Q

Antiarrhythmics: Class i: sodium channel blockers

A

procainamide

46
Q

Antiarrhythmics: Class ii: beta-adrenergic blockers

A

propranolol

47
Q

Antiarrhythmics: Class iii: potassium channel blockers

A

amiodarone

48
Q

Antiarrhythmics: Class iv: calcium channel blockers

49
Q

Coagulation: anticoagulant; Indirect thrombin inhibitor

A

heparin

-overdose tx: protamine sulfate

50
Q

Coagulation: anticoagulants; Direct thrombin inhibitors

A

argatroban

51
Q

Coagulation: Low-MOLECULAR weight heparin

A

enoxaparin

52
Q

Coagulation: anticoagulant; Vitamin k antagonist

A

warfarin

  • Unlike with heparin, the anticoagulant activity of warfarin can take several days to reach its maximum effect.
  • overdose tx: vitamin k
53
Q

Coagulation: anti platelet; Adp receptor blocker

A

clopidogrel

-Tablets should not be crushed or split.

54
Q

Coagulation: Drug for dissolving clots; Thrombolytic

55
Q

Coagulation: Clot stabilizer; Hemostatic

A

aminocaproic acid

56
Q

Lipid Lowering: Antihyperlipidemic; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, Statins

A

atorvastatin
-intestinal cramping, diarrhea,
and constipation

57
Q

Lipid Lowering: antihyperlipidemic, Bile-acid sequestrants

A

cholestyramine (powder taken with fluid)

  • constipation, bloating, gas, and nausea
58
Q

Lipid Lowering: antihyperlipidemic, Fibric-acid agents

A

gemfibrozil

  • contraindicated in renal impairment
  • may increase effect of anti diabetic drugs
59
Q

Lipid Lowering: Cholesterol absorption inhibitors

60
Q

Hematopoiesis: Erythropoietin

A

epoetin alfa

61
Q

Hematopoiesis: Drug for increasing neutrophil production

; Colony stimulating factors

A

filgrastim

  • Common adverse effects include fatigue, rash, epistaxis, decreased platelet counts, neutropenic fever, nausea, and vom-iting.
  • Bone pain
62
Q

Hematopoiesis: Platelet enhancer

A

Oprelvekin

-prescribed for patients at risk for or with thrombocytopenia.

63
Q

Hematopoiesis: Vitamin supplement

A

cyanocobalamin

64
Q

Hematopoiesis: Iron supplement

A

ferrous sulfate

65
Q

Cholinergic drugs do this

A

stimulate parasympathetic nervous system (feed and breed)

  • constricts eyes
  • produce saliva
  • lowers heart rate
  • tightens airway muscles
66
Q

adrenergic drugs do this

A

stimulate sympathetic nervous system

  • dilate pupils
  • increase heart rate
  • relax airways
  • slows digestion
67
Q

antibacterial agents: penicillins prototype drug

A

penicillin G (narrow spectrum)

  • has beta-lactam that interferes with cell wall synthesis
  • static or cidal depending on dose
  • DOC for strep & pneumonia
  • no PO, poor oral absorption
68
Q

antibacterial agents: Cephalosporins P.D.

A

cefazolin

penicillin allergies can cross react
not effective against MRSA
IV given over 30-35 mins
increase glucose values
watch for anaphylaxis 
nephrotoxic
69
Q

antibacterial agents: tetracyclines p.d

A

tetracycline (broad spectrum)

protein synthesis inhibitor, short half life impacts adherence, take w/ full glass of water

  • DOC lymes disease, rocky mountain spotted fever
  • cause photosensitivity
  • toxic to fetus, never in pregnancy
  • outdated cause toxicity
  • causes discoloration in child teeth
  • dairy interferes with absorption
70
Q

antibacterial agents: aminoglycosides (used in e. coli)

A

gentamycin (inhibit protein synthesis)

ototoxic, nephotoxic, neuro-muscular blockade
doesn’t cross BBB in adults but does in children

71
Q

antibacterial agents: glycopeptides p.d.

A

vancomycin

  • oto and nephro toxic
  • Red mans syndrome- when IV is pushed too rapidly
  • Steven Johnsons syndrome- flu like symptoms, painful rashes and blisters
  • avoid diphenhydramine
72
Q

antibacterial agents: fluoroquinolones p.d.

lower respiratory infections

A

ciprofloxacin (bacterial DNA synthesis inhibitor)

  • new BB warning- spontaneous tendon rupture
  • report calf pain
  • monitor BUN, creat, GFR
  • photosensitivity,
  • avoid NSAIDS
  • can increase oral antidiabetics
  • can cause crystalluria (crystals cause cloudy urine)
73
Q

antibacterial agents: sulfonamides p.d.

alternative to PCN
mostly PO

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

  • cause photosensitivity
  • crystalluria
  • not used in pregnancy (folic acid)
  • monitor BUN and liver functions
74
Q

tuberculosis: mycolic acid inhibitor p.d.

A

isoniazid

first line agent for TB
administered on empty stomach
neuro toxicity effects
avoid antacids and alcohol

75
Q

antifungal therapy: polyene p.d.

A

amphotericin B & nystatin

76
Q

antifungal therapy: azole p.d

A

fluconazole (narrow spectrum)

inhibitor of fungal cell membrane synthesis (ergosterol)

  • report GI effects
  • avoid alcohol
  • monitor blood glucose
  • ineffective against non-albicans candida species
  • n/v
77
Q

antiprotozoal therapy: heme complexing agent p.d.

A

chloroquine

78
Q

antiprotozoal therapy: drug that disrupts nucleic acid synthesis

A

metronidazole

79
Q

antiretroviral/HIV therapy: NRTI p.d.

A

zidovudine

80
Q

antiretroviral/HIV therapy: NNRTI p.d.

81
Q

antiretroviral/HIV therapy: protease inhibitor p.d.

A

lopinavir w/ritonavir

82
Q

antiretroviral/HIV therapy: fusion entry inhibitors p.d.

83
Q

antiretroviral/HIV therapy: CCR5 antagonist entry inhibitor p.d.

84
Q

antiretroviral/HIV therapy: integrase strand transfer inhibitor p.d.

A

dolutegravir

85
Q

antiviral therapy: nucleoside analog p.d.

86
Q

antiviral therapy: neuraminidase inhibitors p.d.

A

zanamivir & oseltamivir

87
Q

antineoplastic agents: alkylating agents p.d.

A

cyclophosphamide

88
Q

antineoplastic agents: antimetabolite, folic acid analog p.d.

A

methotrexate

89
Q

antineoplastic agents: antitumor antibiotic p.d.

A

doxorubicin

90
Q

antineoplastic agents: vinca alkaloid, mitotic inhibitor, natural product

A

vincristine

91
Q

antineoplastic agents: estrogen receptor antagonist

92
Q

common side effects of antibiotics

A

allergies
super infections (loss of normal flora)
thrush, c.dif, UTI, candidiasis
organ toxicity

93
Q

beta-lactam nursing considerations

A

take care with geriatrics and renal impairment (renally excreted)
decreases oral contraceptives
do not take with IV aminoglycosides

94
Q

antibacterial: macrolides

A

erythromycin (broad spectrum)

protein synthesis inhibitor
increased risk of super infections
watch antacids

95
Q

rifampin side effects

A

body fluids can turn orange

96
Q

antifungal therapy: polyene p.d. (deep & dangerous)

A

amphotericin b

97
Q

antifungal therapy: polyene p.d. (superficial)

Pharmacology 314 (3 decks)

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