Final Exam

Question 1

This community was founded by John Humphrey Noyes. He began to play with idea of perfectionism.

Answer 1

Oneida Community

Question 2

When was the Oneida Community founded?

Answer 2

1848 in Putney, Vermont. The community moved to Oneida New York

Question 3

Explain the Oneida Community

Answer 3

1) Founded by John Humphrey Noyes
2) Basic philosophy: Humans should live in a social state like heaven
3) Practiced complex marriages
a. no exclusive attachments
b. All sex had to be approved by Noyes- why they thought they weren’t promiscuous
c. Avoid pregnancy by developing male continence during intercourse
d. said the millennium kingdom of god had come
e. practiced eugenics

1876- community broke up, but continued with business

Made silverware to support the commune.

Question 4

Who was John Humphrey Noyes?

Answer 4

The founder of the Oneida Community

Question 5

Who was William Miller?

Answer 5

Founder of the Millerites- Seven Day Adventists

Question 6

Explain the Seventh Day Adventists?

Answer 6

Started by William Miller
I- Obsessed with biblical prophecy
-Calculated end of time in 1843- based on interpretation of Daniel 8:14
-People sold homes, businesses. Gathered in Rochester, NY
-Surviving group formed into Seventh-Day Adventist
-New leader Ellen G. White
-Moved to Michigan in 1855
-Restoring the Sabbath- said that it was never cancelled (Saturday- Friday night through Saturday evening)
-Clean body- no meat, no alcohol, no coffee or tea, no smoking
-W.K. Kellogg of Battle Creek, MI- made a cereal empire
Trying to help fulfill the clean body by making cereal

Question 7

Who was Ellen G. White?

Answer 7

He became the new leader of the Millerites, moved them to MI, and rebranded them as the Seven Day Adventists

Question 8

Who are the Shakers?

Answer 8

They are United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second coming founded by Mother Ann Lee. They believed God was in JC and in Mother Ann Lee. They remained celibate as they believed there was no reason for procreation as the end of coming.

Question 9

Why were they called the shakers?

Answer 9

Shaking off the carnal feeling of sin- Outsiders called them the Shakers

Question 10

Who was Mother Ann Lee?

Answer 10

Founder of the Shakers

Question 11

Who are the Jehovah’s Witnesses?

Answer 11

Charles Taze Russell “ Russellites”
Focus on millennial texte of the bible- the end of time
The visible return of christ was near at hand
1879- Watchtower publication
Name Jehovah’s Witnesses with next generation
Judge J.F. Rutherford gives name in 1931
Jehovah is the only true name of God
Misunderstanding of Hebrew
Most known for the literal reading of 144,000 in Revelation 7 and 14
You want to be part of the 144,000 in Heaven with God

Question 12

Who is Charles Taze Russell?

Answer 12

Founder of the “ Russellites”- Jehovah’s Witnesses

Question 13

What is Christian Science?

Answer 13

Founded by Mary Baker Eddy in Boston, Believe disease was a mental error and not real

Question 14

Who was Mary Baker Eddie?

Answer 14

Founder of Christian Science

Question 15

Who was Jacob Riis?

Answer 15

• Releases a book “ Revealing how the other half lives (1890)
• Book about tenement immigrants who live in NYC
• Shows how hard and terrible this life was for them

Question 16

What is How the Other Half Lives?

Answer 16

A book of photography released by Jacob Riis, which documented tenement immigrants who live in NYC. It was supposed to draw attention to how hard life was for tenement immigrant. However it became complicated
- Includes every kind of stereotype about ethnic groups that you can imagine in the commentary
–On one hand he is drawing attention to the suffering of these people and on the other it is falling into the worst stereotypes and slurs of the time
Did not always get permission to photograph these people. He just photographed them
-Photos were taken at night, people were unsure what was happening
-Some of the photos look staged

Question 17

Who was Washington Gladden?

Answer 17

• Congressional pastor, Columbus, OH
• Thought there were not enough Christians involved on local politics
• Wrote a book “ Applied Christianity: moral Aspects of Social Questions (1886)
• Now have a social gospel
• To change the poor and transform poverty

Question 18

What is the Social Gospel?

Answer 18

To change the poor and transform poverty instead of the revivalistic gospel which focuses on individual salvation

Question 19

Who was Charles Sheldon?

Answer 19

Coined the phrase” What would Jesus do?”. Instead of 90s moralism, Sheldon was genuinely concerned about poverty, the growing gap between rich and poor
1895: sermon: God will bring about social and political change, and preached that Jesus does a lot towards helping people who are oppressed

Question 20

What Would Jesus Do?

Answer 20

Phrase coined by Charles Sheldon and was aimed ending oppression as Jesus does a lot towards helping people who are oppressed

Question 21

Who was James Cardinal Gibbons?

Answer 21

Worked to help start labor union. Creator of 1869- Knights of Labor

Question 22

Who was Walter Rauschenbusch?

Answer 22

Baptist seminary professor Rochester,N Y
Part of the Social Gospel movement, he preached: Need to reach society to “ value human life more than property, and to value property in so far as it forms the material basis for the higher development of human life.”

Question 23

What is World Parliament of Religion?

Answer 23

Created in 1893, it was created to cultivate harmony among the world’s religious and spiritual communities and foster their engagement with the world and its guiding institutions in order to achieve a just, peaceful and sustainable world.

Question 24

What is Touro Synagogue, Rhode Island?

Answer 24

It is the oldest surviving synagogue in the United States dating back to 1763

Question 25

Why is it called Reform Judaism?

Answer 25

Liberal form of Judaism. The followers hoped to reform ancient ways and make them more compatible with modern life.

Question 26

Who was Isaac Mayer Wise?

Answer 26

• Cincinnati rabbi embraced the European Enlightenment.
• Created Union of Reform Judaism
• He called for the orderly worship of an orderly God
  1) preaching and singing in English rather than Hebrew,
  2) mixed seating, with men and women sitting together.
  3) Instead of the Messiah as a person, created the idea that the Messiah equaled the Jewish religion itself, especially when that religion embodied high ideals like justice, democracy, service to humankind, and the thoughtful worship of God.

Question 27

What is Orthodox Judaism?

Answer 27

Started by Samson Raphael Hirsch as a reaction to Reform Judiasm. Traditional Judaism created by eastern European Jews to protect their beliefs and customs from evaporating in the religious gales of the New World

Question 28

Conservative Judaism

Answer 28

Started by Zeckarias Frankel- in between Reform and Orthodox Judaism

Question 29

What are the five elements of Fundamentallism?

Answer 29

1) Inerrancy
2) The Virgin Birth
3) Substitutionary Atonement
4) Bodily, physical resurrection:
5) The Authenticity of Miracles

Question 30

What is inerrancy?

Answer 30

Claim at the strictest level that there could be NO mistakes in the Bible. Some Evangelicals will follow this. There are people who say there are mistakes and will say “ What’s inerrant is the message of salvation and ethical teaching”

Question 31

What is the Virgin Birth?

Answer 31

A literal virgin birth. Mentioned in Matthew and Luke- not mentioned anywhere else
People point out that Paul had the opportunity to say born of a virgin and says born of a woman
Not at the heart of the new testament- not at the heart of the theology
Matthew and Luke do not do much with it after they say it

Question 32

What is Substitutionary Atonement?

Answer 32

Atonement in the Christian context is attempting to answer the question “ How does Jesus’ death work/ effective?” What does it change and how does it do this? Anselm of Canterbury comes up with Substitutionary Atonement trying to explain Jesus’ Death using the model of the middle ages which has honor and shame at its heart. God is the feudal lord, is angry and demands satisfaction. God wants to kill you and send you to hell, but that will not grant God satisfaction. So God sends Jesus to Earth since Jesus is divine on God’s level in Heaven, but once human becomes on the level of man, lets man kill Christ, thus giving God satisfaction. For fundamentalists, this is the only way to explain’s Christ’s death

Question 33

What is Bodily, physical resurrection?

Answer 33

No Jesus spirit, no spiritual body, no assertion that Jesus did not rise up. It had to be a physical body or nothing for them, despite Paul making it clear that it is not a real body.

Question 34

What is “ The Authenticity of Miracles”?

Answer 34

Every miracle in the Bible had to happen just exactly like it is described. There have been expeditions around Mount Arafat looking for wood from Noah’s Ark. But in trying to explain how everything happened, you explain away the miracle.

Question 35

What is Plessy v. Ferguson?

Answer 35

Supreme court case which established “ Separate, but Equal” and allowed for Jim Crow Laws

Question 36

What is Black Pentecostalism?

Answer 36

Foundation in John Wesley’s Second Act of Grace. Not only do you need to be saved, you need to be sanctified. This today has become polished, “ main-streamed” African American christianity

Question 37

What is Great Migration?

Answer 37

When conditions in the South were horrible, so AA migrated North. for more opportunities and jobs Conditions in the North were not always ideal either. The areas become very segregated

Question 38

Who was Thomas Dorsey?

Answer 38

Thomas Andrew Dorsey was an American musician, composer, and Christian evangelist influential in the development of early blues and 20th-century gospel music. Songs include “ Take My Hand, Precious Lord” and “Peace in the Valley”

Question 39

Who is James Cone?

Answer 39

American theologian, best known for his advocacy of black theology and black liberation theology. His 1969 book Black Theology and Black Power provided a new way to comprehensively define the distinctiveness of theology in the black church.

Question 40

What is the Moorish Science Temple?

Answer 40

The Moorish Science Temple of America is an American national and religious organization founded by Noble Drew Ali in the early twentieth century. He based it on the premise that African Americans are descendants of the Moabites and thus are “Moorish” by nationality, and Islamic by faith.

Question 41

Who was Martin Luther King, Jr.?

Answer 41

American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesman and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968

Question 42

What are the shared features of the forms of Christianity that mostly burst forth in the Burned Over
District?

Answer 42

The Oneida Community, Shakers, and Seventh Day Adventists had a tendency toward grouping around an industry to support communal living.

Oneida- They made silverware to support the commune. The community was led by John Humphrey Noyes and believed humans should live in a social state like heaven. The community gave a lot of power to women for the time, allowing women to pursue occupations and only have children when they wanted They avoided pregnancy by practicing male continence. The Oneida community practiced complex marriages with no real attachments. All sex had to be approved by Noyes. This was how they justified that they were not promiscuous. In part because they only had children when they wanted, the community would go on to practice eugenics.

Seventh Day Adventists- William Miller was a Baptist ministers and was obsessed with biblical prophecy. He calculated the end of time to be in 1843- based on interpretation of Daniel 8:14. People sold their homes and property and gathered in Rochester, NY awaiting Jesus’ return. The surviving group formed into Seventh-Day Adventist lead by Ellen G. White. White then moved the group to MI. The group believed in Restoring the Sabbath and said the Sabbath was from Friday evening through Saturday evening. There was much emphasis around the notion of a clean body- no meat, no alcohol, no coffee or tea, no smoking. As such, W.K. Kellogg of Battle Creek, MI- made a cereal empire trying to help fulfill the clean body by making cereal.

Shakers- United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second coming founded by Mother Ann Lee. They believed that God was in JC and in Mother Ann Lee. Procreation: no longer needed, because the end is coming. As such, they were celibate. They were called Shakers by outsides, as they would lay on the ground and shake off the carnal feeling of sin. They made Shaker furniture to support the commune.

Question 43

Explain Fundamentalism

Answer 43

The home of fundamentalism is Princeton’s Divinity School. During the 19th century the following happened:

1) Started finding all kinds of ancient texts ( through theft) from the ancient near East. e.g. We see that all of these cultures have flood stories and that these flood stories are older than the story in the bible Lines between these texts and biblical text is not as bright and bold as we think
2) Late Enlightenment thinking. This brought critical methods to texts and very careful historical questions. The historical foundation for the Bible collapsed.
3) Darwin happened- “Origin” came out in 1859, prior to this, people had recognized that the world is older than 6,000 years from geological record. Church men in Britain were comfortable with this and so were American church men Darwin is buried in Westminster which tells you that they do not have a problem with him being there

A liberal theology starts to emerge and American Evangelicals brace against it

Question 44

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 44

Ban on Chinese people immgration.

Question 45

Bhagat Singh Thind

Answer 45

Sihk from the Punjab region, came to the us in 1913, served in wwi, applied for citizenship in oregon, someone sued that he was not allowed to be a citizen, case moved to the sc, who ruled that asians cannot be granted citizen, only white races

Question 46

Sikhism

Answer 46

Religion and philosophy founded in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.
There are three core tenets of the Sikh religion: meditation upon and devotion to the Creator, truthful living, and service to humanity.

Question 47

Swami Vivekananda

Answer 47

Indian Hindu monk, philosopher and author. Best known in the United States for his groundbreaking speech to the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions in which he introduced Hinduism to America and called for religious tolerance and an end to fanaticism.

Question 48

Louis Farrakhan

Answer 48

American religious leader, black supremacist, anti-white conspiracy theorist, and former singer who heads the Nation of Islam.

Question 49

Guru Nanak

Answer 49

founder of Sikhism

Question 50

Nation of Islam

Answer 50

African American movement and organization, founded in 1930 and known for its teachings combining elements of traditional Islam with Black nationalist ideas.

Question 51

Muslims in Dearborn, Michigan

Answer 51

Home to the largest Muslim population in the United States per capita. It also is home to the largest mosque in the United States.

Question 52

Muslims in New York

Answer 52

The largest metropolitan Muslim population in the Western Hemisphere. Muslims in New York were treated poorly after 9/11.

Question 53

Elijah Muhammad

Answer 53

Elijah Muhammad was an American religious leader, black separatist, and self-proclaimed Messenger of Allah, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. Muhammad was also the teacher and mentor of Malcolm X

Question 54

Discuss Irish Immigration in the US

Answer 54

• The overwhelming majority of the late-nineteenth-century immigrants were Roman Catholics.
  a. Modernization of farming techniques in Europe, which drove millions of peasants off their land in search of jobs. The immediate source stemmed from farming depressions that struck Ireland in the 1820s, followed by a decade of crop failures in the 1840s.
  b. 1.5 million souls starved to death. Another 2.5 million—20 percent of the total population—emigrated from the Emerald Isle- Almost all were Catholic
  c. The Irish Catholics hold the Church in high esteem. Within Ireland, the Church was a source of protection from the English. Within the New World, the Church protection against unscrupulous bosses.
  d. Church officials supported political figures who assisted their people creating Irish Catholic political dynasties in Boston and New York
  e. Settled in the North East and worked in factories and mines.
  F. Lower socioeconomic status combined with old traditions of creating large families, sexual morality, and traditional beliefs in doctrine

Question 55

Discuss German Catholics in the US

Answer 55

A. The Germans now established themselves mostly in the upper Midwest, in a triangle defined by Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Cincinnati.
B.Germans labored mostly on farms and in towns as craftsmen and shopkeepers- Germans were generally self-sufficient and often quite prosperous.
C. German Catholics resisted assimilation. They felt that they could best preserve their faith by worshiping in German, sending their children to German parochial schools, and associating only with other Germans

Question 56

Discuss Polish Catholics in the US

Answer 56

a. Two million Polish Catholics arrived between 1850 and 1924
b. Intense loyalty to church like the Irish; Polish Catholics wanted to worship in their native language and avoid needless association with Protestants like the Germans
c. Resented the Irish as they saw the Irish clergy only as beneficial to the Irish and not other Catholic groups.

Question 57

Discuss Italian Catholics in the U.S.

Answer 57

a. Big difference between Northern and Southern Italians creating a further divide. Northern Italians enjoyed a good relationship with the papacy; Southern Italians
b. After immigrating, Southern Italians resisted the church and the clergy, preferring to practice at home.
c. Southern Italians resented the Irish too as they felt the clergy only served the irish communities.

Question 58

Discuss Asian immigration in the US.

Answer 58

a. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusionary Act is passed leading to a ban on Chinese immgration.
b. Leads to a Asian born immigrants unable to become citizens
c. By 1920, 14.7% of the population is foreign born, which leads to more anti-foreign sentiment.
d. 1924, Johnson Reed Act is passed creating quotas on immigration and eliminating Asian-born immigration, except from the Philippines
e. Bhagat Singh Thind- 1923 applies for Citizenship and is sued. The case makes its ways to the Supreme Court, where the Court decides that all non-white foreign-born cannot become citizens.
f. The decision undid the citizenship of other Sikh naturalized citizens
g. 1924- immigration law was passed that banned anyone ineligible for citizenship from immigrating ( meaning Asians).
h. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965- ended elimination of Asians

Question 59

Discuss Yellow Peril

Answer 59

Anti-Asian sentiment that helps lead to the Japanese internment camps during WWII.

Question 60

Discuss anti-semitism in the US

Answer 60

a. in the 1930s, the KKK gains greater influence and anti-semitism grows.
b. During the 1930s, more hate groups emerge, which influence the culture atmosphere of the time.
c. During this time, FDR turned the SS St. Louis, carrying over 900 Jews fleeing Germany, away resulting in many being killed by the Nazis during the Holocaust.
d. Attitudes about Jews change after WWII, with Jews becoming part of American culture

Question 61

Who wrote“ Applied Christianity: moral Aspects of Social Questions (1886)

Answer 61

Washington Gladden

Question 62

Who was Noble Drew Ali?

Answer 62

The founder of the Moorish Science Temple

Question 63

How did African American Islam set itself apart?

Answer 63

Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple argued that African Americans were not “negroes” by “ Moabites” . The Moorish Science Temple did not hold to the five tenants of Islam but used Islam to set themselves apart from Christianity which Ali and his followers viewed as a tool of white supremacy. African American Islam in this context becomes an imagined community predicated on black self-determinism. Similarly, Elijah Muhammed, by the influence of Master Fard preached the idea that African Americans were the lost people of Shabazz- the original men and women of the earth, not former slaves and second-class citizens. This idea changed the way some African Americans were able to perceive their personal narratives during the time of Jim Crow. It allowed for a new identity to be made as African American Muslims began to associate themselves with “Moors” instead of the “ American negro”. The aim was to reinvent the idea of African Americans apart from the association with slavery.